This is very much a work in progress and is likely to remain so for some time. The origins and evolution of Malpec/Prince Town are perhaps as complete as possible, thanks to advice given by Earle Lockerby. A great deal of work on the origins and development of Georgetown remains to be done. Sadly this will not be completed for some time. I thought it advisable to insert it in this sequence so it would follow the description of the origins and evolution of Charlottetown and have its place in the larger narrative.

HOLLAND CHOOSES SITES FOR HIS THREE CAPITALS

It is no surprise then when in 1765 Captain Samuel Holland created the new British colony of Saint John’s Island and divided it into three counties to create an ideal British feudal settlement, that he chose to place the three capitals on the edge of the sea. Standing in front of the great map, one is overcome by the clarity and inflexibility of the concept.

A Plan of the Island of Saint John in the Province of Nova Scotia As surveyed agreeable to the Order and Instructions of the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations by Captain Holland, Surveyor General of His Majestys Lands for the Northern District of America. With the Assistance of Lieu^ts Haldiman, and Robinson and M^r Wright His Deputys. The Extent of Whose Respective Surveys are as follows: … 1765 [Then follows a list of all the major participants and the precise listing of the areas they surveyed and the soundings they took.] The National Archives, Kew.

In my first post on the origins and evolution of Charlottetown I presented Holland’s probable attitude to surveying for the establishment of colonies and discussed the ideas he may have acquired from the Roman architect Vitruvius and the Renaissance architect Alberti. Both writers were deeply concerned about climate and health, and the positioning of new towns in salubrious locations. Holland would have been deeply aware of these ideas and would have positioned towns with those concerns in mind.

Prince Town

The capital of Prince County was Prince Town, on the east side of Richmond or Malpeque Bay on a peninsula bordered by the Bay and Darnley Basin. Because the peninsula only contained about half the acreage required for the planned Royalty, Holland continued inland to the boundary of Lot 18. This very difficult shape – not really appropriate for a county township – is described very briefly in Holland’s Description of the Island.

One cannot help but suspect that Holland’s heart was not in this project, but the choice of location may have been made because of the relative ease with which a road to Charlottetown could eventually be built. One wonders if perhaps the site of old Malpec, on the headland across Richmond Bay, might not have been a better place. In the end, it is useless to speculate because Prince Town was a complete failure as a county capital because the new roads pushing into the huge western portion of Prince County caused the designated capital to be bypassed. Because of its location on the major road to the West, Saint Eleanor’s became the county seat from 1833-76.

This is how Holland describes the site of the capital.

PRINCETOWN

Besides the advantages mentioned of Richmond Bay, it is proposed to be built on a most convenient spot of ground, as well for its fisheries as fortifications, being situated on a peninsula, having Darnley Bay on the North East, which is a convenient harbour for small vessels, and where they may be laid up to winter; lying at the entrance to Richmond Bay, with all the convenient grounds for curing and drying of fish about it, and ships of burthen can anchor near in the Bay. For its fortifications, the neck of land can be strengthened with little expense, and some batteries and small works erected along the shore will entirely secure it.

The Charles Morris Plan of 1768

Lord Hillsborough, the 1^st Marquess of Downshire (1719-93) was Secretary of State for the British Colonies from 1768 to 1772. His inflexible and hateful manner caused very bad relationships to develop between colonial administrators and the British Crown. One of his very early projects as Secretary of State was to activate the colony of Saint John’s Island by encouraging/threatening those who had won the various Lots in the Lottery to bring the townships to life.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire

He was also anxious set up the county towns so that settlement could begin in earnest. To that end he sent his very busy surveyor Charles Morris (1711-81) to the Island to look at a number of problems that had surfaced, but most importantly to lay out the colony’s grid plan capital at the water’s edge and the other two county towns of Prince Town and Georgetown in similar locations. There were no roads.

http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/morris_charles_1711_81_4E.html

Morris was already quite experienced in planning towns based on a grid, having begun this work right after the deportation of the Acadians. When he came to lay out the township of Prince Town, he sited the town where Holland had indicated it should be and employed a typical grid as his basic plan. The town was four blocks wide and 5 blocks deep with extra unnumbered blocks at the top left and bottom right, possibly for smaller lots for civic functions.

Morris, Charles, Map of Prince Town, ink and colour on pasted sheets, The National Archives, Kew, 1768. Photo courtesy of Dr. Douglas Sobey.

Morris was apparently not interested in developing a plan beyond the tiny isthmus separating the peninsula from its extension of equal size running down to the top of Lot 18. If it exists on another sheet in the National Archives at Kew, I am not familiar with it.

Here is a detail of the grid plan of the town that was laid out.

Photo courtesy Douglas Sobey

The reference table below, assembled from material Morris wrote in a cartouche on the manuscript, gives a clear idea of how the land was to be disposed. The town grid was to consist of 4 blocks running east to went, and five blocks running north and south. In the centre of the grid was to be a large square with reserved spots for a church and courthouse. Nothing is given a name, not even the square. The main north/south street goes nowhere as both ends are at the edge of the water. The east/west streets end up in the Commons that encloses the grid on the east and west. There are no roads indicated leading to the town.

An unusually large area for a battery and its accompanying buildings is outlined in red to the immediate east of the town boundary. Since the site of the proposed town was at the base of the peninsula, according to Holland’s remarks, it could be adequately guarded by extra fortifications at the short isthmus where the top mass joins the mainland.

The North Royalty is divided in two by a major road, and the various blocks containing the building lots are accessible by minor streets going east and west. The major road that divides the Royalty goes north to the sea but ends in the Commons, with no connection to the town at all. This is all very strange.

The Thomas Wright Map of 1773

The next map that we know about was drawn six years later by Thomas Wright in 1773. Wright includes the area designated by Holland in his survey that intrudes into the space of Lot 18. He also completely redesigns the town, making it much more complicated – perhaps unrealistically – than Morris’ more practical arrangement of streets and blocks. Perhaps he was riding high on the excitement of having completely revised and enlarged Morris’s plan for Charlotte Town. A full-scale pdf of the map is included below.

Tho. Wright, Surveyor General, A Plan of Prince Town, The Capital of Prince County on the Island ST. John delineated by Order of His Excellency Walter Patterson Esquire. [1773] Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 241 Maps 4-C -1773 Wr.

Wright – Prince Town, 1773 – U of Mich

It is a very ambitious town plan which, like Morris, in the context of the local geography, does not make a lot of sense of the requirements for display and focus popular in Europe of the Enlightenment that saw urban topography in the context of the Baroque city planning of the previous century. Wright does name a generous central square after the Earl of Dartmouth who served as secretary of the Colonial Office from 1772 to 1775. Perhaps if Wright had looked at some of the Morris post-Revolutionary town plans for the placement of obscure colonial towns he might have given more articulation to the waterfront and even had the central square opening up onto the water. But never mind.

Prince Town remains isolated until the Prince Town Road appears on Island maps around 1798 with the Ashby map showing the renaming of St. John’s Island to Prince Edward Island. The map is not very accurate in that it shows the Prince Town Road going straight from east to west to the grid part of the town. The road system in that area would develop very differently as will be seen in the maps reproduced below.

The Ashby Map of 1798

Detail from Prince Edward Island/ divided into/ Counties & Parishes, / with the Lots, / as Granted by Government, / Exhibiting all the/ New Settlements, / Roads, Mills/ &c &c., 18.3 x 35 cm. London, Publish’d as the Act directs March 1, 1798, by H. Ashby, King Street, Cheapside. Robertson Library, UPEI.

The Wright Map of 1828 [or more probably 1848]

In 1848 ( this date has not yet been firmly established) the Acting Surveyor General, George Wright (1810-1887), grandson of Thomas Wright who gave Charlottetown its final grid form, replaced his father of the same name as Acting Surveyor General, and produced a manuscript map of the Prince Town Royalty that is deeply interesting. Some of the Royalty property lots now have names attached to them. Doug Sobey found this large map by Wright at the Kew Archives.

George Wright (1810-1887), Detail of a map of Prince Town, 1848. The National Archives in Kew. Photographed by Doug Sobey.

http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wright_george_1810_87_11E.html

A full sized copy of this map exists in the archives in Charlottetown and makes it easier to see the changes made by the Acting Surveyor Wright to the previous articulation of the town, common and royalty. (Note: it is urgent to discover which date for this map is the correct one: 1828 or 1848. It has not been possible to do this at this time.)

A Plan/ of/ Prince Town Royalty/ from/ A Survey made in Nov’r 1828 [’48?]/ by Geo: Wright Act’g Sur: Gen, 72 x 82 cm, ink and coloured wash on paper mounted on linen. PARO.

Wright has completely redrawn the grid plan proposed by Morris, and instead of the original division of 4 x 5 blocks, the town that Wright proposes is 9 x 9 blocks at the centre of the grid but diminishing as the lay of the land constricts to the west and ends up in a marshy inlet to the east. Wright keeps the 1773 name for the central square, Dartmouth Square. Most amazingly he introduces in the northwest corner of the grid what could only be a green space reminiscent of his grandfather’s four green squares in Charlottetown. This is called Ready Square. The receding shoreline places its west end facing directly onto the water of Richmond Bay. The panoramic view is very beautiful. What was the reason for this map, urgently drawn at this time?

Here is a detail of the grid from the Wright map of the Royalty that shows these features.

The eastern part of the plan is filled with mystery because Wright extends 7 of his 9 blocks over a marshy inlet that does not seem to have a name. Maybe at that time it was just a bog. This was not an irrational act, nor a serious mistake in plotting. You may recall that when Charlottetown was laid out the city grid was placed over three major boggy areas that are clearly delineated on the Morris plan. Since Roman times, when placement of towns superseded the quality of available topography, military engineers had changed the landscape so that bogs, and streams disappeared to be replaced by a solid geometric grid. That’s what happened in Charlottetown. When Isaac Smith was digging the foundations for Province House, on the north side he encountered the remnants of boggy ground that had to be excavated and replaced with good quality soil. The Euston bog had run its watery tendrils right to the edge of Queen’s Square.

Today when we compare George Wright’s grid plan for the mysterious city of Prince Town that never was with the same area seen in Google Maps, you can see that Wright’s proposal was mostly feasible. You can also see in the satellite photo how very little of the original dream capital town remains today. The people of Malpeque persist in calling this enclave Princetown.

Courtesy of Google Maps

1832 The William Day Map

In 1832 William Day produced a large lithograph – the first of its kind in Island maps – of Holland’s map with additions up to that date. It clearly shows a church to the east of the town grid. MacFadyen (pp. 77 ff) notes that the first log Presbyterian church was built at Ellison’s Brook, to the right of the east bog, in the 1780-1800 period (there is uncertainty), and that in 1810 it was moved to the site of the present church. Apart from the indication of house sites there is little else of note about the development of the Royalty on this map. The dots representing the houses may be accurate in number but probably not in their actual positions.

Detail from William Day’s PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND/ A PLAN of the ISLAND ST. JOHN in the GULF of ST. LAWRENCE in the PROVINCE of NOVA SCOTIA in NORTH AMERICA from a Survey made by Saml. Holland Esquire in 1765. / WITH ADDITIONS TO 1832. Photostat of original, 138 x 64 cm, Inscription below border, W Day, lithr. to the King, 17, Gate S. PARO, 1174.

The Bayfield Map

The Bayfield map is full of surprises. There would be a dramatic variation to Holland’s master plan on the mainland part of Prince Town when in time, old Malpec from across the bay would be re-established. One wonders if Acadian refugees returning to familiar territory were responsible for the reassigning of the name to an area below the Royalty. A spot was selected in Lot 18, below the north border, and by the time of the 1798 Census the new Malpeque had 14 Acadian families living there (Arsenault 2019 p. 35). Bayfield even indicates a parish church to serve their spiritual needs.

Detail from The/ Gulf of Sr. Lawrence/ Sheet VIII/ Miramichi Bay/ and western entrance of/ Northumberland Strait/ Surveyed by Capt’n R. W. Bayfield R.N., 1839. R. Porter Collection.

This map of the Island, part of a series recording the hydrographic data of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, stops just before the lot line dividing Prince from Queen’s County. Despite its primary focus on soundings in Northumberland Strait and Richmond Bay, it is full of the most interesting geographic detail which raises questions about how Prince Town Royalty was perceived at that time. A road, which will be the north/south end of the Princetown Road, runs straight up from the Catholic church that seems to be at the centre of the now transposed village of Malpeque. Surprisingly, the name Prince Town does not appear at all on this map, but the name Malpeque runs below the Royalty territory, ending at the Presbyterian church. Admiral Bayfield’s familiarity with Prince Edward Island was vast, and we must assume that this casual setting aside of the original name reflects new public perception. In future maps Malpeque remains side by side with Prince Town, which increasingly, seems now to consist only of the neglected and undeveloped grid plan.

The 1851 Cundall Map

In 1851, 12 years after the Bayfield chart, Henry Cundall produced an elegant, very austere engraved map of the Island which attempted to bring the road system up to date and which showed the locations of new inland towns that had sprung up at crossroads or river crossings where mills of various kinds were soon built. There is a lot of excitement in this map. The Old Prince Town Road, which ignored everything south of it completely has been replaced with a New Prince Town Road that moves remorselessly towards the isthmus that joins West to East Prince County and which contain the towns of Saint Eleanor’s – now the county seat – the new settlement of Miscouche which is oriented to West Prince, and especially to the area we know today as the Région Évangéline. It shoots through Barretts in Lot 19 and passes near the Catholic church that marked the centre of the late 18^th Century re-establishment of Malpec by Acadian refugees.

Detail from 1851 – Henry J. Cundall, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND/ IN THE/ Gulf of St. Lawrence/ COMPILED FROM THE LATEST SURVEYS/ BY H. J. CUNDALL. 1851/ DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HIS EXCELLENCY/ Sir Alexander Bannerman/ KNIGHT, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR &C. &C./ CHARLOTTETOWN, GEORGE T. HASZARD, / Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyde. Liverpool, Wilmer & Smith. London, Bagster &Son. / W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh. Copperplate engraving, 430 x 950 cm, printed for George T. Haszard, Charlottetown and engraved by W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh. R. Porter Collection.

Indian River is beginning to emerge as a complicated community that will bring into conflict the Presbyterians in the Royalty and new Scottish Catholic immigrants who will settle where all these roads intersect. Once again, the Acadians of Malpeque will be displaced and by the time of the 1880 Meacham map, will mostly have been dispersed.

1861 [1852] – George Wright updated by Henry Cundall

In 1852 George Wright, hard on the heels on Henry Cundall, produced an almost identical map but with all the revisions he saw necessary. This map became popular and in 1861 it was replaced by an updated version by no less a person than Henry Cundall himself! One can only begin to imagine all the tensions that must have electrified the air of the cartographic world at that moment.

Detail from 1861 [1852] – George Wright updated by Henry Cundall, MAP of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND,/ in the/ GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE,/ Comprising the latest Topographical information/ afforded by the Surveyor Generals Office/ and other authentic Sources./ The Sea Coast, Rivers, &c. being laid down from the Survey/ recently completed by Captain H. W. Bayfield R. N./ BY GEORGE WRIGHT ESQR./ SURVEYOR GENERAL./ 1852./Corrected up to 1861 by H. J. Cundall/ PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF/ THE COLONIAL LEGISLATURE/ Charlotte Town G. T Haszard. Engraved tinted map, cut into 33 pieces, 11 x 22 cm, and glued to linen for folding. Bound in card. Image size 65.5 x 300 cm. R. Porter Collection.

In my collection I have a lovely coloured folding version of this map this time with the name of the Royalty restored with no sign of Malpeque at all. The town grid is represented by hatching but there is no sign of life in it. The rest of the streets in the Royalty however are very clearly presented.

The Prince Town Royalty/Malpeque name war continues in a draft map of the Island drawn by George Wright circa 1852 and here there is no doubt that the place is called Malpeque.

Circa 1851-52 – Unlabelled manuscript – by George Wright?

Detail from Circa 1851-52 – Unlabelled manuscript draft for a Map of Prince Edward Island, probably by George Wright. – PARO PEI 1159 03.

The Lake/Baker Map

The Lake map of 1863 very carefully lists the property owners in the Royalty and notes the existence of all the various kinds of mills, the churches and the schools.

Details from TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP/ OF/ PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND/ IN THE/ Gulf of Saint Lawrence/ From actual Surveys/ and the late Coast Survey/ of Capt. H. W. Bayfield/ BY D. J. LAKE C. E./ Published by/ W E & H H Baker/ ST. JOHN, N.B./ J. SCHEDLER, MAP ENGR./ LITHOGRAR./ 120 Pearl Str. N York/ 1863. Approx. 193 x 123 cm (4 x 6 feet), Robertson Library, UPEI.

Lake provides a detailed map of the whole Princetown Royalty and in a diplomatic way labels the top half Malpeque and the bottom part on the mainland as Princetown Royalty. The grid town is given almost no articulation and is simply called Princetown.

Lake clearly identifies the centre of the community with an unambiguous demarcation of the church, the cemetery, and MacNutt’s store. What more could a person want?

Meacham’s 1880 ATLAS

Meacham devotes a whole page to the Princetown Royalty, carefully marking out the complete grid with property owners clearly identified, and even more intensely than in Lake, he presents the centre of what is now the town. There is no mention at all of Malpeque: all is Princetown.

ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL/ ATLAS/ OF THE PROVINCE OF/ PRINCE EDWARD/ ISLAND/ From Surveys made under the direction of/ C. R. ALLEN, C.E./ Dedicated by Special Permission to His Excellency/ SIR JOHN DOUGLAS SUTHERLAND CAMPBELL/ K. T. K. M. K. G. Gov. General &c./ J. H. MEACHAM & CO./ PUBLISHERS/ 1880/ Eng. By Worley & Bracher. / 27 So. Sixth St. Phila. Pa./ Printed by R. Bourquin. / 31 So. Sixth St. Phila. Pa.

Meacham carefully restores the Princetown grid and identifies the two property owners who live there, and also a lobster factory with its accompanying wharf. Remember that is the first glorious flush of fish canneries and the southwest end of the grid was the perfect place for lobster boats to moor and discharge their catch. The Commons is still intact for the most part except for a number of buildings that have not been identified.

When we move to the mainland part of the town, to the southeast, we see everything that constitutes the town of Malpeque today. The centre of town is the Presbyterian church – a third one built just a few years before in 1870 in an Italianate Gothic style.

God and MacNutt can never be far apart and so his store was across the street from the church. And near the centre of things also was the grand home of Doctor William Kier, overlooking the bay.

Today Malpeque is a quiet, quite beautiful country town, where emotion only flares up when alternative war memorials are discussed, or when memory of an ancient church bell is revived.

As a fitting conclusion to the endless struggle for cartographic identity and war memorial validity, we conclude with the very fine Malpeque War Memorial cast in bronze and erected in the churchyard on June 29, 1921.

Photo courtesy of Rob Faucher

George Town – the Capital of King’s County

Samuel Holland thought that the site he chose for the capital of King’s County had so many advantages with its fine mooring places and its orientation towards the sea and the mother country that it would have made a fine capital for the whole colony. But as always, there was Prince County to consider and the harbour where the old French capital of Port la Joye once stood was chose instead.

On his great map Holland chose the long peninsula of land bordered by the Cardigan and Brudenell Rivers. The countryside was lush and even today retains a great part of its Eighteenth-Century pastoral beauty as you can see in the Google satellite image of the area.

This is what Holland had to say about the site he had so carefully chosen.

GEORGE TOWN.

Recommended to be built upon that point of land called Cardigan Point, there being a good harbour for ships of any burthen on each side of Cardigan River, on the North, or Montague River upon the South side; but the latter, though a much narrower channel upon coming in, is preferable, as the Bay for anchoring will be close by the Town. Immediately upon entering the river, and going round the Goose Neck, a long point of dry sand running half over the river, and forming one side of Albion Bay, the place for anchorage, upon the Goose Neck, may be erected a Pier with great ease, and at a small expense, where goods could be shipped and unshipped with great facility and convenience.

The place proposed for the town is so situated as to require very little difficulty in making it secure, as well as at the entrance into the two respective harbours. It ought not to be omitted mentioning the advantage it has of a communication inland by means of Cardigan, Brudenell and Montague Rivers, from the top of which last to the source of Orwell River is not quite ten miles; and Orwell River emptying itself into the great Bay of Hillsborough, makes a safe and short communication betwixt two of the County Towns, both winter and summer.

[Insert Morris map when it becomes available.]

At the moment the Charles Morris plan of the town, commons and royalty is not available to me, but I will insert it and make other revisions when it becomes available.

The Lake Map 1863

Ninety-five years after Morris produced his map of the George Town Royalty a fine detailed map of the town appeared as one of the inserts on the great Lake/Baker map of 1863. It represents the Morris plan of 1768 and consists of a 7 x 4 arrangement of blocks around a great central square called Kent Square. Many of the street names are similar to those found in the map of Charlottetown – Water, Richmond, Grafton, FitzRoy and Kent.

The town was very slow in becoming established, and for two thirds of the time from its foundation to the drawing of this map it was an abject wilderness with only a few log houses in a sea of stumps. Even the streets were not cleared out. Of course, this was also the case in Charlottetown and Princetown. Princetown never became articulated as a grid town. It is amazing that Georgetown progressed so well, and this was due to a period of growth starting about 1830 and only ending around 1900. This is well summarized in Currie (pages 36-47).

By the time of the Lake map Georgetown’s vast central square was dominated centrally by a market house. In the southwest corner was an Academy and in the southeast corner a school and Episcopal church, Holy Trinity, built in 1842, which is abandoned but still standing. The future of this architectural treasure is sadly uncertain.

In the northeast former of Kent Square was the King’s County Courthouse, built to a design by Isaac Smith in 1833. It was identical to the one built in St. Eleanor’s, and both were inspired by John Plaw’s 1811 courthouse in Charlottetown. The design was distinctive and elegant although marred by the jail yard attached to the building.

Although this probably represents the St. Eleanor’s courthouse and jail, both were identical, in their heavy Greek Revival style, and so I insert this picture to give you an idea of the quality of this building.

The Georgetown Royalty Map in Meacham’s 1880 ATLAS

Meacham, in his 1880 ATLAS provides an exceptionally fine map of the Georgetown Royalty on page 122. Perhaps it represents Georgetown at the crest of its development as the county capital. Many properties in the Royalty have owners, roads run across the Commons to serve the needs of the town inhabitants in moving across the territory. Most significant of all is the presence of the railway whose terminal has been inserted obscenely in Kent Square, the very heart of the town. This is Victorian progress at its ugliest.

Georgetown Royalty, Meacham’s ATLAS 1880, p 122

The Smith courthouse, with its two extensions on the ends, seems to have been moved to the centre of the square and given new dignity. The market remains near the centre of the square, but Kent Street has definitely crossed the square and divided it into two parts. The church and school remain in their original place but a new school, with the same profile as the courthouse, and a drill shed, have been built above the rail yard in the southwest corner.

The Town Map in Meacham’s ATLAS, page 130.

Meacham GEORGETOWN, p 130. 1880

Georgetown, still a perfect Eighteenth Century grid plan town, has now evolved into a very successful Victorian town, with a vibrant waterfront and land communication reaching in and out of the heart of town.

Today the Royalty has been absorbed into the countryside and I don’t believe that any study has been done to locate houses and lots that were part of it when it was laid out for settlement.

The town has been rid of the railway which has been replaced by a huge running track for sports. What is still significant is that the original grid plan has survived, and the major street of the town shoots out into the former Royalty as it was intended to do and now communicates with the region. The beauty, and the spirit of the place, is still very much intact in many parts of Georgetown.

Today Georgetown is a prosperous town, amalgamated with other local communities for greater administrative security. It has an important shipbuilding yard and a major sawmill. It has a famous garden dedicated to Andrew A MacDonald, one of the Fathers of Confederation. There are some very fine historic buildings to be seen in the town, including an Island sandstone courthouse. It is the home of the King’s Playhouse that hosts various theatrical activities. With its Eighteenth-Century plan still intact and functional, from an urban history point of view it is arguably the most important town in King’s County.

SPECIAL THANKS

Earle Lockerby, who for many years has studied various aspect of Malpeque history, and is deeply familiar with its topography, has carefully read the Prince Town section and provided me with copies of the 1773 Thomas Wright and 1828 or ’48 maps of the capital and its royalty. This made a big difference to my account. He has also taken the time to discuss aspects of what I have written with me, and I apologise for whatever confusion may still be present in my account regarding the endless series of surveyors called Wright who are all essential to this story. 🙂 Thank you for your help Earle!!!

PATRONS

Kind persons have provided support for the expenses incurred in producing this blog. I wish to express my deep gratitude to these individuals who have helped me cover the costs of archival scans, photographs, learned journals, books and professional services.

Henry Kliner
Earle Lockerby
Robert L. Scobie

Resources

______________ Journal of the House of Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Fourth Session of the Fifteenth General Assembly, Appendix D, pp. 11-13, Cooper & Bremner, Charlottetown, 1841. (for Holland’s description of the Island.)

Alberti, Leon Battista, On the Art of Building in Ten Books (c. 1450), translated by Joseph Rykwert, Neil Leach and Robert Taverner, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1988, 1996.

Arsenault, Georges, translated by Sally Ross, Illustrated History of the Acadians of Prince Edward Island, The Acorn Press, Charlottetown, 2019.

Campbell, Bertha, Historic St. Mary’s: A Brief Account of Three Indian River Churches, no publisher indicated, 2021.

Currie, L., edited by B. Mair, Georgetown – An Early History (Georgetown, Prince Edward Island 1730-1900 on cover), illustrated by Robert C. Tuck, Sponsored by Georgetown Lions Club, photocopied and Cirlox bound. N.D.

Giedion, Sigfried, Space, Time and Architecture – the Growth of a New Tradition, Harvard University Press, Fourth Edition, 1961, paperback 2008.

Greaves, Sofia, and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Editors, Rome and the Colonial City: Rethinking the Grid, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2022.

Holland, Samuel, “Description of the Island, October 5, 1765,” Reprinted in the Journal of the House of Assembly, Appendix D, 1841.

Lockerby, Earle, and Douglas Sobey, Samuel Holland: His Work and Legacy on Prince Edward Island, Published by Island Studies Press, University of Prince Edward Island, and Holland College. Charlottetown 2015.

Lockerby, Earle, “Origins of a Missing Church Bell,” La Société historique acadienne, Les Cahiers, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2002, pp. 170-208.

Lockerby, Earle, “Origins of a Missing Church Bell,” The Island Magazine, No. 53, 2003, pp. 2-7.

Lockerby, Earle, “A 1760s British History at Malpeque: New Light on an Old Puzzle,” The Island Magazine, No. 74, Fall/Winter 2013, pp. 29-34.

MacFadyen, Jean, chairperson, East Prince Historical Group, For the Sake of the Record (Misc. Prince County history), Williams and Crue Ltd., Summerside, N. D. (c. 1980).

MacMillan, Rev. John C., The Early History of the Catholic Church in Prince Edward Island, Evenement Printing Co., Quebec, 1905.

Meacham’s ATLAS – ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL/ ATLAS/ OF THE PROVINCE OF/ PRINCE EDWARD/ ISLAND/ From Surveys made under the direction of/ C. R. ALLEN, C.E./ Dedicated by Special Permission to His Excellency/ SIR JOHN DOUGLAS SUTHERLAND CAMPBELL/ K. T. K. M. K. G. Gov. General &c./ J. H. MEACHAM & CO./ PUBLISHERS/ 1880/ Eng. By Worley & Bracher. / 27 So. Sixth St. Phila. Pa./ Printed by R. Bourquin. / 31 So. Sixth St. Phila. Pa.

Morris, A. E. J., History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, London, 1994.

Mountgomery, [Montgomery] Sir Robert, A Discourse Concerning the design’d Establishment of a New Colony to the South of Carolina in the Most delightful Country of the Universe, privately printed, London, 1717, reprint

Reps, John W., The Making of Urban America – A History of City Planning in the United States, Princeton University press, Princetown, New Jersey, 1965.

Rider, Peter, Charlottetown A History, Museum & Heritage Prince Edward Island and the Canadian Museum of Civilisation Corporation, Printed in Canada, 2009.

Rogers, Irene L., Charlottetown The Life in its Buildings, The Prince Edward Island Museum and heritage Foundation, Charlottetown, 1963.

Smith, Thomas Gordon, Vitruvius on Architecture, The Monacelli Press, New York, 2003.

Vitruvius, the Thayer translation: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/vitruvius/1*.html

Williams, J., Additional and Regulations for the Conduct of the Land-Office Department, Council-Chamber, Quebec, 25 August, 1789, Printed by Samuel Neilson in Mountain Street, Quebec, 1789.

Wood, J. David, “Grand Designs on the Fringes of Empire: New Towns for British North America,” Canadian Geographer, XXVI, 3, 1982.

Wright, The Surveying Wrights of Prince Edward Island, printed by Friesens Corporation, Altona, Manitoba, 2009.