He belonged to another group called the Encyclop\u00e9distes<\/em>, who, under the leadership of Denis Diderot produced, over many years, the formidable 35 volume Encyclop\u00e9die<\/em>, which set out to explain, using articles by the greatest experts, and some of the best engravings of every process ever made (we still use them). Bellin contributed nearly 1000 articles to the Encyclopedia in his lifetime.<\/p>\n His fame spread internationally. Not only was he chief of France\u2019s hydrographic office but was a member of not only the Acad\u00e9mie de Marine<\/em>, but the Royal Society of London.<\/p>\n Over his fifty-year career he produced a majority of the best maps in the world. They were noted for their clarity, the leaving out all the decorative and mythological decorations of the Middle Ages, and for providing only the most up to date information. His career coincided with the earth-shaking events that were winding up and would soon see the destruction of France in America, and his maps honestly documented the whole process, to the point of collaborating with English cartographers to achieve results that would express the knowledge and beliefs of both nations.<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques-Nicolas_Bellin<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n 1744 Nicolas Bellin (1703-1772) cartographer, Fran\u00e7ois Desbrulins, (16..-17..?) engraver, Carte de la Partie Orientale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada<\/em>, 42 x 58 cm, Published in Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix’s Histoire et Description Generale de Nouvelle France,<\/em> Paris. Internet auction.<\/strong><\/p>\n Bellin\u2019s 1744 map of Ile Saint Jean has its actual geographic features exaggerated to the point where the entrance to Charlottetown Harbour \u2013 Port la Joye is a vast bay, and the narrow isthmus of Summerside near which the community of Malpec was strung along is actually cut through. In the list of place names there are no surprises. We have encountered them all before. The changes are to be seen in the spelling of the names, which becomes more regular and approaches how we expect them to be in contemporary French. He even uses accents on letters that require them.<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Cap \u00e0 l\u2019Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Casquembec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Havre \u00e0 l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Havre Quiquibougat \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n Havre S. Pierre \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n I \u00e0 Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n Les 3 Rivieres \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Magpec \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n Port Chimene \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n Port la Joye<\/p>\n Pointe de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Pte. Du Nord \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n The map depicts a gentle world, people with hard-working settlers,who slowly, but with great experience, developed the fisheries, cleared the land, built farms, raised farm animals and planted crops sufficient unto themselves and Louisbourg.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em>In the same year, responding to the increasing diplomatic tension between France and England as to what exactly constituted the territory of Acadia, Bellin, after extensive research, produced this small map which, most significantly, he names <\/strong>Carte de L’Accadie.<\/strong><\/em> According to Boucher (p. 12\/24) it is the first map <\/strong>ever<\/strong><\/em> to depict Acadia as a separate geographical entity.<\/strong> However this is not the case. It may be the first printed map to appear with that name, but in\u00a0 1702 Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin published a beautiful, highly-coloured manuscript map, calling the region Acadia. Maybe they can share the glory in their respective formats.<\/p>\n The detail is extremely clear and Bellin seems only to have identified those places and features about which he had secure knowledge. He looks at Ile Saint Jean more closely than before, because it has become the focus of considerable diplomatic interest.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n 1744 Bellin (Jacques-Nicolas), Carte de l\u2019Accadie. Dress\u00e9e sur les Manuscrits du D\u00e9post des Cartes et plans de la Marine<\/em>. Par N. B. Ing.r et Hyd. de la marine. Carte ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans l\u2019Histoire et Description G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Nouvelle France <\/em>de Fr.-X. de Charlevoix, t. I., Livre III, 1744. \u00a9 Ruderman Antique Maps Ltd.<\/strong><\/p>\n T<\/em>his is the classic Bellin format for depicting Acadia and it will be cheerfully stolen by other mapmakers for years to come because of its clear and unambiguous format. There is one significant addition to this map in the form of indicating the location of Aboriginal settlements both on the mainland and Ile Saint Jean.<\/p>\n In the general area of Indian River and present-day Malpeque he inserts three icons denoting Mi\u2019kmaq wigwams which he labels Cabanes Sauvages<\/em>. The communities listed are augmented by one that is not on the larger regional map \u2013 Trocadie<\/em>, and I. \u00e0 Bois<\/em> is called I. \u00e0 Bova<\/em>. The outline of Ile Saint Jean differs considerably in the two maps produced the same year. We must remember that before the accurate surveying methodology introduced by Holland and his successors in the 1760s, there was no “standardised” matrix to consult and copy exactly. Every map was a series of idiosyncratic squiggles.<\/p>\n While searching through the Lewenthal Collection site I saw an anonymous manuscript map that looked very familiar, even though it did not have a cartouche. All of mainland Nova Scotia was labelled “Accadie.” Comparing it closely to Bellin’s published map above I concluded that this lovely drawing could be the prototype Bellin sent to the engraver who then added the cartouche. The amazing thing is that it came from the collection of King George III who was a passionate map collector, and who regularly trawled the resources of his own government departments for new treasures. In time it passed down to the British Museum.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A colored map of <\/strong>Acadie, Isle Royale, Isle St. Jean, and the Baye Franc\u0327oise, being Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Pr. Edward’s Island, and the Bay of Fundy;<\/strong><\/em> drawn by a French hand, on a scale of 13 1\/2 French leagues to an inch: 1 f. x 8 in.’\u00a0 No date is given. Formerly in the collection of George III. Catalogue of the manuscript maps, charts, and plans, and of the topographical drawings in the British Museum.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n So exciting and popular was this map, daring to make Acadia its subject, that copies began to be made in other countries. Here is a German example from 1744, attributed to Bellin, perfect in every detail except that as many names as possible are rendered in German.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Jacques Nicolas Bellin, Karte von Accadia nach den manuscripten des vorrathes von karten und grundrissen bey der Marine<\/em>, published by Arkstee and Merkus, Leipzig, dated 1744. W. K. Morrison Special Collection, Centre of Geographic Sciences, Nova Scotia Community College.<\/strong><\/p>\n It is interesting to see some of the Ile Saint Jean place names rendered in German. The mapmaker follows Bellin exactly.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n But just one year later in 1745 the optimistic world depicted in this ordered map fell apart when the British North Americans invaded and severely damaged Louisbourg and burnt Port la Joye to the ground.<\/p>\n The city of Louisbourg, seen in this 1745 coloured German engraving depicting its fall, and the colony of Ile Saint Jean, had both come into being at the same time, both as centres for the fishery. After 25 years of non-stop work in building fortifications, Louisbourg also became France\u2019s fortress of the Atlantic, guarding the entrance to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Canada. It also administered and interfered in the affairs of the huge area of Acadia which annoyed the British, who had had political control of most of the region for many years. It was in this tense and ambiguous milieu that the Acadians created and maintained the vast saltmarsh grasslands economy.<\/p>\n The English, whose presence in New England grew ever more powerful and agitated, were acutely aware of the riches of New France and the major inconvenience the French, with Aboriginal support, posed to their dreams of territorial and economic expansion. By the time the 1740s came along there were clear indications in many quarters, both in Britain and in America, that England had to dominate the continent.<\/p>\n In July of 1745 the British commander William Pepperell sent an expedition to Ile Saint Jean that destroyed the Roma enterprises at Three Rivers. The French garrison at Port la Joy consisted of 20 troops who fled and were pursued up the Hillsborough River while the British burned the capital to the ground.<\/p>\n In the messy altercations that followed the French fought back, some New Englanders were killed, and hostages were taken. Here is a good summary of those events.<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_at_Port-la-Joye<\/a><\/p>\n Eventually Louisbourg was returned to France, in spite of the great indignation shown by many British North Americans, by the 1748 Treaty of Aix -la-Chapelle. The following year, after military skirmishes, the French regained possession of Port la Joye and the process of rebuilding went on for another ten years.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Two years before the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, while the North American colonies were still at war, a significant thing happened. The great English mapmaker Thomas Jefferys, using Bellin\u2019s base map<\/strong>, produced a map of how things now stood politically on the ground. Acadia disappears completely to be replaced by Nova Scotia.<\/p>\n Thomas Jefferys (c. 1719 \u2013 1771)<\/strong> was Geographer to King George III, and was perhaps the most prolific English mapmaker of his day, supplying maps of the major countries of the world, but showing a special interest in North America. He produced a number of maps and atlases of the region. This interest in North America continued until his death when his activities were taken over by another mapmaker, Robert Sayers. Jefferys worked with various surveyors of the New World and made their work generally available through his maps. Like Bellin, Jefferys documented his sources in an age when there were no copyright laws, and it was every man for himself when it came to stealing any published works, text or graphics, that enhanced your own projects.<\/p>\n [Here are useful links for more information on Jefferys and Sayer.]<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Jefferys<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG32953<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060907040814\/http:\/\/www.usm.maine.edu\/~maps\/percy\/jefferys.html#part2<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Sayer<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG45124<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Robert Sayer<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In the cartouche to his map, Jefferys fully acknowledges Bellin\u2019s work and his professional title. He replaces Bellin\u2019s austere linear cartouche with the swirls and shell ornaments popular at that time in Rococo art. He even introduces a very attractive vignette in an empty area of sea to the left of the corner cartouche showing the siege of Louisbourg. Jefferys himself signs his work on the lower border as Jefferys sculpsit<\/em>, the Latin verb for carving but used to describe an engraved plate.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1746 T Jefferys and1744 Bellin, Jacques Nicolas, A New Chart of the Coast of NEW ENGLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, NEW FRANCE or CANADA, with the Islands of NEWFOUNDL\u2019D CAPE BRETON ST. JOHN\u2019S etc.<\/em>\u2026engraved on copper, Library of Congress.<\/strong><\/p>\n The map is taken directly from Bellin with very little variation in outline but with a complete makeover of place names. Acadia becomes Nova Scotia. The New England Coast and lower New Brunswick become New England. Because nothing worthwhile is known about the interior of New Brunswick, Jefferies takes it over to insert plans of the city of Quebec and its fortifications. The whole map throbs with military anticipation.<\/p>\n Ile Saint Jean is anglicised as much as possible but there was nothing he could do at this point with the French adaptations of Aboriginal names. But some French names are smartly translated into English. Curiously he leaves out Bedeque.<\/p>\n Anguille Harbour \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Bears C \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Casquembec – Cascumpec<\/p>\n East P \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Magpec – Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n North P.t \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Port Chimene \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n Port Joye \u2013 Port la Joye<\/p>\n Quiquit\u2019ougat H \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n S Peters H \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Jefferies map is a propaganda map, intended to make a massive statement about Britain\u2019s intentions in North America. It is clear, that ten years before the beginning of the Seven Years War in 1755, Jefferys, on behalf of his Royal clients, was expressing extremely violent intents \u2013 which all came to pass to Britain\u2019s advantage.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A very peculiar manuscript map of Saint John\u2019s Island housed in the Bibliotheque Nationale appeared the same time as Jefferys elegant but menacing propaganda map. This one is a far cry from anything Jefferys would have produced. From the moment I first set my eyes on it I thought it was a highly distorted obscene picture of a naked woman. Closer examination indicated that it was a hasty sketch, probably military in origin, showing the Island recently acquired by the British.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1746 Island of St John Latitude 47\u02da 10\u02b9 in the Bay of St. Lawrance, Subject to King George by the Capitulation of Lewisburg 17th<\/sup> June 1746<\/em>, BNF btv1b8446235x.<\/strong><\/p>\n The towns and villages indicated are the following:<\/p>\n E point \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Gov. \u2013 Governors Island<\/p>\n Indian Harbour \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Malpac \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n N River \u2013 Hillsborough River<\/p>\n NW River \u2013 North River<\/p>\n Port Lajoye<\/p>\n St. Peters \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Bay<\/p>\n St. Peters \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s Island<\/p>\n West River<\/p>\n The mapmaker seemed to be a little vague on compass directions.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Another map was published in Paris in Vaugondy\u2019s Atlas Portatif, universel et militaire <\/em>that strongly takes a view quite the opposite of Jeffery\u2019s map of 1746, and introduces a subject that had become a major irritant to the English.\u00a0Gilles Robert de Vaugondy (1688-1766)<\/strong> was a prominent geographer in Eighteenth Century France whose family business was noted, like Bellin, for its extensive research and general accuracy. In 1760 Vaugondy was appointed Geographer to Louis XV. His Atlas Universel<\/em>, published in 1760 was a major authority in the maps of the times.<\/p>\n https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilles_Robert_de_Vaugondy<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1749 – Gilles Robert de Vaugondy, L\u2019Acadie, Par le Sr Robert de Vaugondy<\/em>, from Atlas Portatif, universel et militaire<\/em>, compos\u00e9 d’apr\u00e8s les meilleures cartes, tant grav\u00e9es que manuscrites, des plus c\u00e9l\u00e9bres g\u00e9ographes et ing\u00e9nieurs. Tome 1, par M. Robert, geographe ordinaire du Roy, Paris, 1748-49. Bibliotheque Nationale \u2013 bpt6k1510918f.f212.<\/strong><\/p>\n At first glance this map is identical to Bellin from which it was copied. At this time of tension between the French and the English it was the base map to which everybody fled to fill with their political agenda. Vaugondy cheerfully pushes Nova Scotia into New Brunswick but stops at writing \u201cl\u2019Acadie\u201d in big letters across Nova Scotia. Instead, he carefully labels all the places he knows of where there are Aboriginal settlements, labelling them Village Sauvage and even showing little symbols for wigwams, perhaps as a powerful reminder to the British that they are also fighting the Mi\u2019kmaq.<\/p>\n Along with his carefully labelled place names on Ile Saint Jean, with Bellin\u2019s detail to correctly accented words, we see at the bottom of Malpec bay, which he does not label<\/em>, the indication of Cabanes Sauvages<\/em>! I believe that the well-informed Vaugondy introduced all these Cabane and Village Sauvages in his map both as an irritant and a threat to the British. The French had been living mostly in harmony with the Mi’kmaq for at least one hundred years.<\/p>\n Along with this place name information on the map, Vaugondy introduced quite credible topographical indications of hilly country. Again, this is an indication of his deep knowledge of the region. Here is the place name information contained on his map of Ile Saint Jean:<\/p>\n Bedos \u2013 Bedeque<\/p>\n C a l\u2019Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Cabanes Sauvages \u2013 Indian River<\/p>\n Casquembec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Havre \u00e0 l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Havre Quiquibougat \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n Havre S. Pierre \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n I a Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n Les 3 Rivi\u00e8res \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n P la Joye \u2013 Port la Joye<\/p>\n Pointe du Nord \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Port Chimene \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n Pte. de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Should you want to see what one of these popular atlases of the Eighteenth Century was like you can explore the Vaugondy one in great detail, page by page, at this site. You can even download individual pages, zoom up special details or but a huge high-resolution scan of the page.<\/p>\n https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k1510918f<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)#:~:text=The%20Town%20of%20Halifax%20was,to%20Father%20Le%20Loutre’s%20War<\/a>.<\/p>\n (This slight digression is necessary at this point to illustrate the propaganda value of maps in times of political strife on the eve of conquest, and also to demonstrate the passionate initiative of a businessman mapmaker who expresses his desire for a British take-over in an unsolicited map\/propaganda piece of great skill and beauty.)<\/p>\n Halifax was founded in the beautiful harbour of Chebucto Bay in 1749 on a flat area of land that rose to a steep hill. It was meant to counter the fortress of Louisbourg after it was returned to the French and also to be the new administrative headquarters of Acadia. It was a definitive and provocative act by the British government to establish its presence in the middle of the Acadian settlements, and to do it on land that for millennia had been Mi\u2019kmaq territory.<\/p>\n When Edward Cornwallis arrived on June 21, 1749, to establish the British colony, earlier treaties with the Mi\u2019kmaq were violated, and the outraged aboriginals, led by the Abb\u00e9 le Loutre, raided the new settlement twelve times. Cornwallis had brought with him 1,176 settlers and their families, and the next year 151 more immigrants arrived and were settled on the eastern side of the harbour.<\/p>\n Halifax was meant to be a major colonial town and was laid out as such following a grid pattern, inspired by Ancient Roman models, that would be repeated again and again in British North America. Famous examples are Savannah, Georgia, also represented by a fine bird\u2019s-eye view when it was founded in 1734, Toronto, and most perfectly preserved of all, Charlottetown on Ile Saint Jean. Halifax was also intended to be a fortress, and in the bird\u2019s-eye view sketch of the new town, you can see walls and fortified bastions, like miniature forts, surrounding the settlement.<\/p>\n This highly unusual presentation\/propaganda map was produced by Thomas Jefferys and dedicated to his patron, The Prince of Wales, who would eventually become the Prince Regent. Since the port of Halifax would be home to fishing fleets the top left corner of the map shows the Atlantic Ocean with the fishing banks of Nova Scotia above it. The top right corner has a plan of the town with a key to its principal features. The lower right corner has a bird\u2019s-eye view of the town drawn from the topmast of a ship in port.<\/p>\n To show how attractive this presentation piece \u2013 and incitement to conquest \u2013 could be I use this beautifully coloured version at Brown University to begin my discussion of this topic.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A Map of the South Part of Nova Scotia and its Fishing Banks Engraved by T Jefferys Geographer to His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, 1750. John Carter Brown Library at Brown University.<\/strong><\/p>\n The lower left cartouche dedicated to the Lords Commission for Trade and Plantations and signed by Jefferys is a masterpiece of iconography and propaganda. Topped by the British flag crossed over a cannon on a Rococo-style construction, in danger of being hacked by an axeman, the inscription is flanked by detailed, very clear and unambiguous views, of men constructing a building and others fishing.<\/p>\n The aerial view of the new town, much more advanced in its construction than what we can see in the 1734 engraving of Savannah, Georgia, and surrounded by substantial temporary fortifications, is a vision that prefigures the dream of similar establishments in Maritime New France.<\/p>\n In itself, the view is a lovely work of miniature art, where the scale of the composition is in no way affected by its size on a piece of paper. The ships in the foreground, emphasizing that this is a port city, and also that it is connected intimately across the sea with England, is a very fine design element.<\/p>\n This small map is a propaganda milestone that prefigured the Seven Years War. It is a shock in the iconographic record just after the colonies of Acadia, Ile Royale and Ile Saint Jean are rebuilding themselves after the destructive invasion of 1745.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In the years following the return of the Atlantic colonies to France in 1748 there were attempts here and there to rebuild the military, administrative and domestic infrastructure in the region. The presence of Halifax as the British administrative centre was a constant threat and the French, and especially the Acadians, were acutely aware of that. They began to migrate away from parts of Acadia to Ile Saint Jean and other places. They had only eight years left to rebuild and settle in places of refuge.<\/p>\n For the first time that I can discover, the French produced a map that showed an interest in inland communication and perhaps settlement. Before that, all settlements were located along the coastline in shore villages. The Mi\u2019kmaq, of course, had traversed the Island for millennia before the French came and had favoured footpaths and portages established all over the Island. The French, when they came, because of their good relations with the Mi\u2019kmaq, would have adopted these avenues of land communication as their villages became established. For all the first years of the colony there was no pressing need for any cross-country roads except for the Roma establishment at Three Rivers, where a more direct approach to Port la Joye was perhaps desired.<\/p>\n This map by Louis Franquet<\/strong>, a French cartographer based in Quebec, is the first and only instance of interest in developing a road system on Ile Saint Jean that I have been able to discover. It seems to be one of two almost identical copies in the National Archives and is tied to a specific passage in the report Franquet would write to his superiors.<\/p>\n Franquet (1697-1768) was a French military engineer of great experience who was sent to Louisbourg in 1750 to see what could be done to restore the fortifications. He was to make many suggestions for improvements. He visited Ile Saint Jean in 1750-51 and it is at this time, at the request of his superior, that he proposed a system of roads that would unite the major communities of the eastern end of the Island with Port la Joye. This map gives you an idea of what he had in mind.<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/franquet_louis_3E.html<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1751 – Franquet (1697-1768) – Carte de l’Isle St Jean dans la Golfe de St. Laurent en Canada<\/em> – LAC.<\/strong><\/p>\n These lines, drawn hastily on paper without the evidence of any surveying at all, are just indications of where it was desirable to make connections. The only significant land route that that existed for centuries and which had been very heavily used, was the short portage over boggy land from Mount Stewart to Saint Peter\u2019s Village. It is clearly marked on this map and Franquet gives a rich description of the road that passed by the house of the Widow Gentil. For those of us who are familiar with that landscape it is possible to insert oneself into the description.<\/p>\n CHEMIN DE LA RIVI\u00c8RE DU NORD-EST AU HAVRE ST-PIERRE<\/p>\n Apr\u00e8s avoir fait environ deux lieues, l’on d\u00e9couvrit, de loin, une maison de face au cours de la rivi\u00e8re; l’on nous dit que son origine \u00e9tait \u00e0 un quart de lieue au-dessus, et qu’il \u00e9tait \u00e0 propos, crainte de manquer d’eau plus avant, de mettre \u00e0 terre \u00e0 la rive droite vis-\u00e0-vis l’habitation de la veuve Gentil, nous y v\u00eemes de pr\u00e8s des grains de la plus grande beaut\u00e9, et le chemin de l\u00e0 au havre St-Pierre \u00e9tant fray\u00e9, large de 6 \u00e0 7 pieds et propre \u00e0 des charrettes attel\u00e9es de deux boeufs, on le suivit \u00e0 pied, il traverse des bois br\u00fbl\u00e9s dans lesquels est une grande quantit\u00e9 de bleuets (1) qu’on mange en rafra\u00eechissement, il va aboutir au ruisseau \u00e0 Comeau o\u00f9 la mer forme une esp\u00e8ce de barachois qu’on traverse \u00e0 sec, \u00e0 mar\u00e9e basse, et \u00e0 haute mer sur deux pieds et demi d’eau; cet endroit est r\u00e9put\u00e9 le point milieu du chemin d’entre la dite veuve Gentil et le havre St-Pierre.<\/p>\n A la sortie de ce barachois, le chemin rentre dans le bois jusqu’\u00e0 l’endroit nomm\u00e9 la Queue-des-Etangs o\u00f9 un autre petit ruisseau forme semblable barachois, toujours couvert d’eau, et dont le fond vaseux et mol en rend le passage difficile.<\/p>\n C’est \u00e0 cet endroit que les dunes commencent \u00e0 se former, elles garantissent le pays des inondations de la mer, le chemin les laisse \u00e0 gauche et \u00e0 droite il borde des \u00e9tangs que l’on traverse de distance \u00e0 autre, il s’y trouve ordinairement deux pieds \u00e0 deux pieds et demi de hauteur d’eau et dans les grandes crues toute l’assiette du chemin en est couverte; n\u00e9anmoins comme elle est dure, il n’y a aucun risque d’y passer, mais seulement beaucoup d’incommodit\u00e9s aux gens de pied qui sont oblig\u00e9s de se mouiller; \u00e0 la sortie de ces \u00e9tangs se trouvent les cl\u00f4tures des terrains conc\u00e9d\u00e9s, on les c\u00f4toie pour arriver devant l’entr\u00e9e du havre du Petit-St-Pierre.<\/p>\n (French translation to follow in time.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n When we look at a close-up of Franquet\u2019s lines for proposed roads we become aware that there are capital letters at several places connected with the lines \u2013 A, B, C, D, E.<\/p>\n As was the custom of the day maps could be drawn oriented to the north or the south. Since this map was attached to copies of Franquet\u2019s report it is there that the mystery of the letters becomes clear. Here is the text in an English translation kindly provided by Early Lockerby.<\/p>\n ABOUT ROADS<\/p>\n There is only one real road on this island. that is the one that goes from the widow Gentil who lives on Rivi\u00e8re du Nord-Est to Havre St-Pierre, as has been described previously. Due to its poor state and having commerce in mind, there is a need to draw another ‘BC’ from the spot commonly known as La Grande-Source, straight on the church of the aforementioned harbour; we will not discuss this further. Most of the inhabitants communicate along the ocean’s coastline, along the riverbanks or in canoes. These roads being long and not safe in any circumstances, Count de Raymond, because of the necessity to establish a quick link between the principal areas of this island, ordered the building of a 4 to 5 feet wide [road] only from Pointe-a-la-Framboise, situated at Port La Joie, up to Trois-Rivi\u00e8res and another one from this last port to Havre St-Pierre, and this based on the report made to him about the position of these sites. We could not propose anything better unless these two roads were drawn in a fork at spot ‘D’, communication from these three sites would not be lengthened, but that from the aforementioned Port La Joie to Havre St-Pierre would be considerably shorter and, in succession, the establishment of Rivi\u00e8re-du-Nord-Est becoming considerable, the inhabitants could form branch ‘DE\u2019 which would culminate at a spot in the fork from which they would communicate with the already mentioned ports and harbours and even in the inhabited areas along the ocean’s coast between the Eastern and Southern parts.<\/p>\n There are many other areas of the island where it would be usual to communicate, but since their location the lands to he crossed are unknown to us we could only hazard proposals. Later, as the country is settled. it will be possible to build roads in areas that will call for attention.<\/p>\n We believe that we have addressed fully all questions about this island and we have written down what we have learned, however we ought not to finish without reiterating all that has been said about the goodness of the country, the resources Ile Royale can benefit from, and if His Majesty persist in its projected establishment, we observe that is should be strengthened solidly so that the inhabitants will feel protected and troops may be able to resist with confidence, if not all the money spent already. the money spent every day and all expenses to be made in the future for works less than those proposed. would be a total loss, in which case it would be better not to undertake them.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n An interpretation of the letter notations.<\/strong><\/p>\n A to B runs parallel to the only road on Ile Saint Jean, described above. Maybe it was meant to replace it with new, straight construction that avoided the wet places along the way. BC cuts across country from Saint Pierre to Three Rivers, which in Franquet\u2019s mind, seems to be a natural place of convergence for two other roads. CE cuts across to the Mount Stewart area, while C sets out again for Port la Joye and ends up at Pointe a Marguerite or Battery Point across the harbour. In the middle of all this no less than four roads converge in the wilderness at point D. Whatever did Franquet have in mind? It is perhaps possible to see that his internal point of juncture seems to be in the Montague, New Perth or Cardigan area. The severe geometry of Franquet\u2019s lines on an outline map that was highly inaccurate in its conception to begin with did little else than indicate that lines, meaning roads, were needed to join up these future areas of activity.<\/p>\n The areas of activity of this map are to be found in the place names, which most surely Franquet would have placed there because there was settlement and meaningful activity. Refugees from the mainland were already arriving in significant numbers and one wonders where they were put or where they went. Did they build new houses as extensions to existing communities, or were they taken into existing homes, making crowded, dark and smoky interiors even more dense in their congestion. That seems unlikely.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Cap a l\u2019Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Chemin du Havre St. Pierre \u2013 Former portage to Saint Pierre<\/p>\n Havre St. Pierre \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n I Gouverneur \u2013 Governors Island<\/p>\n Ile St. Pierre \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s Island<\/p>\n La grande Souris \u2013 place on east side of Hillsborough \u2013 Mount Stewart?<\/p>\n Les Is. a Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n Les trois Rivieres \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Maison de la Veuve Genlil \u2013 place on west side of Hillsborough \u2013 Mount Stewart?<\/p>\n Pointe a Marguerite \u2013 Battery Point<\/p>\n Port la Joye<\/p>\n Portage \u2013 placed between Savage Harbour and Tracadie<\/p>\n Pt. du Sud ou de Prime \u2013 Point Prim<\/p>\n Pt. de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Tracadie<\/p>\n Chemin du Havre \u2013 original and only road on Ile Saint Jean<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Franquet produced another map of Ile St. Jean at this time, oriented to the north.\u00a0The cartouche is quite large, as if it were meant to contain a lot of information, but aside from the title and scale reference it is empty. This raises questions. It is very neatly drawn and has a large wind rose which suggests it was made for navigational purposes between Ile St. Jean and the settlements on the mainland.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1752 – Franquet, Carte de L\u2019Isle St. Jean dans le Golphe de St. Laurent<\/em>, LAC.<\/strong><\/p>\n This map has a wider selection of place names than the other map made at the same time. Unfortunately, the only available picture of it came off the internet at a quite small resolution so that it is impossible to read the place names with complete accuracy.<\/p>\n Baye de Magpec \u2013 Malpeque or Richmond Bay<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Cadepiche? \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Cap a l\u2019Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Casampec \u2013 Cascumpeque<\/p>\n H Tranchmontagne \u2013 North Lake<\/p>\n Havre Quiquibougat? \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n I St. Pierre \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s Island<\/p>\n Ile a Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n Ile de Tentrec \u2013 Fish Island<\/p>\n Les Trois Rivieres \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Pointe de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Port la Joye<\/p>\n Port St. Pierre \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n Tracadie \u2013 Tracadie<\/p>\n (About 6 place names are unaccounted for because they are not legible on my photo.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nicolas Bellin, in the happy distance that an ocean provides, was not aware when he published this very lovely map, with its Rococo cartouche, of the eastern part of New France, that this world was about to be shattered completely by the mounting tensions between the French and the English. Things had been going from bad to worse for the past ten years after the conquest of Louisbourg and Ile Saint Jean that took place in 1745, but always there was optimism as agricultural work continued in the marshes of Acadia and the fisheries were bountiful as ever.<\/p>\n 1755 \u2013 Bellin Jacques Nicolas, 1703-1772, Partie Orientale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada<\/em>, possibly published by the firm of Homann Erben in N\u00fcrnberg. 43 x 53 cm, Library of Congress 73695754.<\/strong><\/p>\n Everything in the map is labelled with French names and its as if this world was still exclusively French, except that the honest conscientious Bellin inserts the new settlement and fortification of Halifax in this sea of French ambition.<\/p>\n Ile Saint Jean is clearly labelled with what now appear to be the principal settlements recognised by the government. What is not shown on that tiny scale is the multitude of villages at the mouth of Port la Joye harbour and up along the Hillsborough River to the fishing centre of Saint Peters.<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n C a l\u2019Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Casquembec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Havre a l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Havre Quiquibouga \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n I a Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n les Trois Rivieres \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Magpec \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n Pointe de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Pointe de Nord \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Port Chimene \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n Port la Joye<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In the eastern part of New France however, the Catholic Church was being highly disruptive and politically active in the person of l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Le Loutre, a missionary priest centered at Beaubassin, who for over ten years coerced the Mi\u2019kmaq and Acadians on Ile Royale and in Acadia to attack, in small highly irritating small ways, the English who wanted a stable Acadia. This Acadia is the one depicted in Bellin\u2019s map.<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n While the fishing industry was concentrated in a few seaports, the vast agricultural wealth of Acadia lay scattered all over estuarine Nova Scotia where salt marshes had been reclaimed from the sea and turned into highly productive land. Although Louisbourg was the official centre of authority for the region, Beaubassin, at the head of the Bay of Fundy, perched on a small ridge on the edge of the Missaguash River, was also a powerful centre of authority. It was on the border of what was to become New Brunswick and its greatest agricultural treasure, the Tantramar Marches, had been reclaimed on that side. Beaubassin was a major centre of communication, situated as it was on the edge of the Isthmus of Chignecto which, from time immemorial had been interlaced with paths and portages created by the Aboriginals and shared with the French. Bay Verte, on the Northumberland Strait, was one of the stepping off points to Ile Saint Jean.<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour<\/a><\/p>\n After the town and fort of Halifax had been built by the English in Chebucto Bay in 1749, the English wanted to control the head of the Bay of Fundy and the Isthmus of Chignecto and, after a failed attempt, managed to build a small temporary four-pointed fort on the site of Beaubassin which had been destroyed by the French at the urging of the renegade priest the Abb\u00e9 Le Loutre. It was called Fort Lawrence after Major Charles Lawrence who had been sent from Halifax to establish a hostile military presence in the area.<\/p>\n In 1751-52, in response to Major Lawrence\u2019s little fort, the French built a handsome five-pointed classical fortification on another finger of land across the Missaguash River that protruded into the Bay of Fundy and called it Fort Beausejour, after the village that was already established there.<\/p>\n By the summer of 1755 a large force of British troops landed at Beaubassin with the intention of eliminating French control. The French were not prepared for this and shots began to be fired on June 15, and at 9 AM a shell pierced a casemate, an underground room in one of the pointed bastions, killing French officers. Thus, began the Seven Years War that ended French rule in North America. Many scholars consider it to be the first global war ever fought because of the many military encounters between the English and the French that brought most of the rest of Europe into the struggle, as well as the battles in North America that ended on the Plains of Abraham on 13 September 1759, when General James Wolfe led 5,000 troops up the Quebec cliffs to attack the city from the rear.<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seven_Years%27_War<\/a><\/p>\n Skirmishes continued until 1762 when the war formally ended with the Treaty of Paris.<\/p>\n In 1755 a massive deportation of the Acadians was begun at Beaubassin and other centres where Acadians were concentrated. The idea was to get them out Acadia and away from the Mi’kmaq so that British plans of colonisation could go ahead. The ethnic cleansing was for the most part a success but for many people this tainted the setting up of British Colonial North America. A few years later, in 1758, this would be repeated on Ile Saint Jean. The descendants of these Acadians are now a powerful cultural and political force, and the memory of this act will never die.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Thomas Jeffery was very quick to produce a most elegant and restrained propaganda map to celebrate the beginning of this world war. The cartouche for this new map tells it all. It also brings to our attention the intensifying concern for more accurate surveying, saying that the production of the map was \u201cregulated by many new Astronomical Observations of the Longitude as well as the Latitude, with an Explanation.\u201d And below the cartouche are all the observations on which this new map is based.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1755 – Thomas Jeffery \u2013 A New Map of Nova Scotia and Cape Britain with the adjacent parts of New England and Canada Composed from a great number of actual surveys <\/em>\u2026 Library of Congress.<\/strong><\/p>\n Compared to previous maps this one attempts to make anything French disappear from the Maritimes. Nova Scotia, in large Roman capitals, sweeps down from the Saint Lawrence River, across New Brunswick and down across Nova Scotia to the Atlantic. In quite large letters the presence of the Mi\u2019kmaq is indicated in Chignecto and Northern Nova Scotia. And the place where it all began \u2013 Forts Lawrence and Beausejour \u2013 are clearly marked. Every attempt has been made to anglicise place names that generally appear in previous maps as French forms of Aboriginal names of great antiquity. All the fishing banks are now Nova Scotian. And what of Ile Saint Jean?<\/p>\n Ile Saint Jean perhaps looks more like the Island we know today except that it obviously had not been surveyed with the new astronomical observations that are much vaunted in the cartouche. We are struck by the energy of the Mi\u2019kmaq presence which is indicated in large capitals spread across Port la Joye and its harbour entrance. What a slap in the face! The list of place names becomes more and more anglicised and only the most important locations and harbours are listed.<\/p>\n 3 Rivers \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Bear C \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Kaskambek \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Kinkebugat Harb \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n North Pt. \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n P Joy \u2013 Port la Joye<\/p>\n Port Shimene \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n East Pt. \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Wood I \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Hard on the heels of Jefferys, the French cartographer Georges-Louis Le Rouge<\/strong> took Jefferys map and used it as a counter propaganda piece. Flanking the title outside the map\u2019s border are arguments and lists of treaties that are in question. In the continental edition of the same map Le Rouge inserts a section in German for that audience. We must remember that at this very moment Europe has been thrown into ever-expanding military turmoil by the start of the Seven Years War, and all the allegiances that will be called upon on to be honoured.<\/p>\n Two almost identical maps were produced at this time and I am including the 1755 version meant for the German audience, which was published in 1762 as part of an atlas Le Rouge published on the four corners of the world.<\/p>\n This is a map designed not only to provide information about what was going on at that moment in New France but also to stimulate discussion about the territorial claims that were being made by the English.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1755\u00a0 -Thomas Jeffery and Georges-Louis Le Rouge \u2013 Nouvelle Ecosse ou Partie Orientale du Canada, Traduite de l\u2019Anglois de la Carte de Jefferys publi\u00e9e a Londres, en May 1755<\/em>, from the author’s Atlas g\u00e9n\u00e9ral contenant le detail des quatre parties du monde principalement<\/em>. Republished in 1762. Library of Congress 73695762.<\/strong><\/p>\n 1755 LeRouge Jefferys LC<\/a><\/p>\n LeRouge is more conscientious than Jefferys in his 1755 map in providing a more detailed listing of place names on Ile Saint Jean. He is aware of the hilly country in Prince and King\u2019s Counties and indicates this with the usual icons. There are very complicated lines that indicate Acadian fisheries boundaries limits. So anxious is Le Rouge to provide every possible reference for his map that at the top right there is a large table giving the longitude for a variety of places as provided by the most prominent mapmakers of the day. In many instances effort has been made to give both the French and English names of settlements. There are even a number of what one takes to be roads indicated in a number of places. It is a very serious piece of work that Le Rouge is anxious to defend in as many ways as possible.<\/p>\n Only a few by now very familiar place names remain on Ile Saint Jean.<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n C aux Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Cascanpec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Havre a l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n I Malpec \u2013 Hog Island<\/p>\n les 3 Rivieres \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n P Prime \u2013 Point Prim<\/p>\n Pierre Martin* \u2013 house site near Pisquid River?<\/p>\n Pointe de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Pointe du Nord \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Port la Joye<\/p>\n St. Pierre \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n Tracadie<\/p>\n Cehourie des Loups marins \u2013 this is written inland along the whole length of King\u2019s County and refers to \u00e9choueries<\/em> \u2013 rocky coastlines where seals seek refuge from predators and are used as rest and reproduction areas.<\/strong><\/p>\n *Pierre Martin and his family came from Port Royale, lived a few years in Port Toulouse on Ile Royale and then moved to Ile Saint Jean where in 1720 they settled on the rich marshlands of the Mount Stewart Marsh on the Hillsborough River. We do not know why his name was given community status on several maps, especially at this late date. He is the progenitor of all the Martins who live on the Island. (This information was kindly provided by Georges Arsenault.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Propaganda maps reached their height of production in the post 1755 period. This one says it all with its title, although attempts have been made to show the limits of French claims as opposed to more legal ones by the English, based on treaties with the Aboriginals.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1755 \u2013 A new and accurate map of the English empire in North America; Representing their rightful claim as confirmed by charters and the formal surrender of their Indian friends; likewise the encroachments of the French, with the several forts they have unjustly erected therein. By a Society of Anti-Gallicians<\/em>, 41 x 50 cm, Published by William Herbert, London. Library of Congress.<\/strong><\/p>\n The Society of Anti-Gallicans was formed about 1745 to stop the import of French goods into Britain and to resist French influence on English society.<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_1978-1002-161<\/a><\/p>\n William Herbert, 1718-1795, and Robert Sayer, 1725-1794, both mapmakers and publishers produced and sold this map in London. Aside from showing the locations of various Aboriginal tribes and providing fine drawing of the major fortifications in the early struggles of the Seven years War, it brings no insights to the Island of Saint John, which is identified, but no more. Its value in the history of map propaganda however is great. Similar large scale maps were produced at this time to satisfy the public’s interest in what was happening in America.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This map of the Atlantic region published in Augsburg starting in the 1740s and going on into the 1760s always draws the surprised attention of visitors to an exhibition because the continent has been squeezed vertically so that everything is out of proportion. I include it in this selection of maps because it illustrates perfectly the necessity of establishing a longitude point (a pole to pole line) and having instruments with which to measure distance so that, when you transfer your data to paper, the lay of the land looks credible.<\/p>\n Georg Matthaus Seutter (1647 \u2013 1756) was one of the most important and productive German map publishers in the Eighteenth Century. He started out life as a brewer but that held no fascination so he moved to Nuremberg where he trained as an engraver under a famous teacher. Early in the 1700s Seutter left the engraver J. B. Hoffman to set up a business in Augsburg. It was tough going in the early years but by diligently copying all the best maps that were being produced in France, Germany and England at that time his reputation grew and he prospered.<\/p>\n Using all the research material that was available to me I have not been able to find out why this particular map was produced, with the greatly shortened latitude distances. He seems to have been experimenting with various longitude and latitude charts that were being used by various mapmakers of the time and somehow decided to produce this large and very grand, quite old-fashioned map as far as design goes, but filled with all sorts of up-to-date information on old and new place names as they appeared. Halifax, for instance, gets inserted in one of the 1750 editions of this map. There are a few other maps of the period that use this elongated format.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1756\u20131762 – Tobias Conrad Lotter (creator) and Albrecht Carl Seutter (engraver) – Partie orientale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada: avec l’isle de Terre-Neuve et de Nouvelle Escosse, Acadie et Nouv. Angleterre avec fleuve de St. Laurence<\/em>, 56 x 48 cm, printed at Augsburg – Boston Athenaeum.<\/strong><\/p>\n The map is pretty much the last dying gasp on the old Seventeenth Century models that were dripping with elaborate decoration and so we are given special treats, one of which I reproduce so you can say farewell to that custom.<\/p>\n In the lower right corner of the map is a wonderful depiction of the fishing fleets at work on the fishing banks of Acadia.<\/p>\n If you look at the extreme edge of this detail you will see Halifax proudly established in its fine harbour.<\/p>\n Seutter\u2019s elongated map of Ile Saint Jean includes al the names we would expect in the labelling of the island.<\/p>\n There is nothing new for me to list as the place names associated with Ile Saint Jean do not seem to vary in any significant way at the beginning and early stages of the Seven Years War.<\/p>\n It is important to remember that this map, produced perhaps for the first time just before the 1745 attacks on Acadia, and improved from time to time to record the progress of the War after 1755, was eagerly sought out in Germany which did not have extensive contact with active navies and fishing fleets like the French and English had.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bellin will simply not go away<\/strong> and, desperate to provide the German audience with new material on the fate of Acadia, in 1756 the Leipzig publishers, Arkstee and Merkus, bring out their version of the little 1744 map.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1756] Bellin – Karte von Accadia nach den manuscripten des vorrathes von karten und grundrissen bey der Marine<\/em>, 20 x 32 cm, W. K. Morrison Special Collection, Inventory # WKM-M-019.<\/strong><\/p>\n The collection of place names has been kept intact except where it was possible to translate French into German. The old mistake, noted previously in calling Wood Island I. \u00e0 Bova<\/em>, is repeated.<\/p>\n Even the Cabanes Sauvages<\/em> appear again as H\u00fctten der Wilden<\/em>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bellin appears yet again in 1757<\/strong> with a map designed assert French claims on the boundaries of Acadia at that time. It is pure propaganda. Sadly, there were no boundaries to sort because the English were almost finished deporting most of the population. This beautiful little map is a memory filled with pathos and a dream that will not go away.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1757 – Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, Carte de l’ Accadie, Lsle Royale, et Pa\u00efs Voisins<\/em>, R. Porter Collection.<\/strong><\/p>\n The map had been produced as an illustration to Bellin\u2019s voyages at that time and so you always see the crease in the middle where it was folded back into the book. The map is simple and clear and there is an attempt to suggest topography by the inclusions of icons that suggest hilly country. Probably because of Bellin\u2019s popularity as a continental mapmaker this map was printed \u2013 and used by others, including Bellin himself! \u2013 many times, well into the 1760s.<\/p>\n An attempt has been made to present the hilly topography of Ile Saint Jean. While not accurate, I do not think that these hill symbols should be dismissed because the French had had about 200 years to travel through, observe and record the interior of Ile Saint Jean. This design convention, which is incidental to the larger purpose of Bellin\u2019s map, still suggests the hilly parts of the three counties.<\/p>\n There are a few additions or variants to the place names of Ile Saint Jean and so I will list them for easy reference.<\/p>\n Baye de Magpec \u2013 Malpeque or Richmond Bay<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Cap a l\u2019Ours \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Havre a la Souris \u2013 Souris River<\/p>\n Havre Quiquibougat \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n Havre S. Pierre \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n I a Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n le Gouvernm\u2019t \u2013 Port la Joye<\/p>\n Les Trois Rivieres \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Pointe de l\u2019Est \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Port a l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Little Harbour<\/p>\n Port la Joye \u2013 here entrance to Charlottetown Harbour<\/p>\n Riv. Tranche montagne \u2013 North Lake<\/p>\n Trocadie \u2013 Tracadie<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n On July 26, 1758 Governor Augustin de Boschenry de Drucou surrendered at Louisbourg. This effectively sealed the fate of the French and Acadians on Ile Saint Jean.<\/p>\n https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)<\/a><\/p>\n In the fall of 1758, there was a series of small military campaigns that brought an end to the colony of Ile Saint Jean. The intent was to deport the Acadians and French living there, along with the many who had fled Acadia at the time of the 1755 deportation. Lieutenant-Colonel Rollo with a force of 500 British troops, which included James Rogers with his company of Rogers Rangers, was sent to accomplish this. The number of people who died during this expulsion exceeded the fatalities of the 1755 Deportation principally because overcrowded unseaworthy ships sank at an alarming rate.<\/p>\n General Jeffery Amherst ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Rollo to take possession of Ile Saint Jean. He built a four-pointed rectangular fort on top of the hill behind the French fort, and set about deporting the Acadians. When it became clear just how many Acadians lived, and had fled to Ile Saint Jean Rollo was appalled to discover that the number totalled nearly 5000 people.<\/p>\n Earle Lockerby tells the story of what happened in this very detailed article.<\/p>\n Lockerby – Deportation – Acadiensis<\/a><\/p>\n This aerial photograph from the internet shows the entrance to Charlottetown Harbour and on the right is the site of the French administrative centre of Port la Joye. On top of the hill, you can see the remains of Fort Amherst, a primitive earthwork with palisades that never amounted to anything. The French fort was on the slope below and some archaeological remains have been found.<\/p>\n In the foreground, just where a range light is situated above a small pond, the land above the high cliffs slopes down to the shore and this was always the landing place where people and goods from ships were offloaded and brought to shore. It was at this very spot that thousands of Acadians gathered on the shore to await transport to the large ships that would take them away.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n After 1758 there was a flurry of activity as the English began the very difficult process of mapping New France as they perceived the territory. The beginning was small, in a popular magazine, but soon new improvements in mapmaking would change the course and standards of cartography in the world forever.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1758 \u2013 A Map of the Island of St. John near Nova Scotia lately taken from the French<\/em>, The Grand Magazine of Magazines or Universal Register, 4 1\/4 x 7 1\/2\u201d, October 1758, London.<\/strong><\/p>\n The Grand Magazine of Magazines<\/em> was one of many popular magazines produced, for a small price, for ordinary people who wanted news of current events. This particular project only lasted a year, from July 1758 until November 1759. Illustrations of very important events or subjects were added and this is how this lovely little map of Saint John\u2019s Island got in. It is very special in the history of Island cartography and is believed by many to be the first map of the Island engraved on a copper plate. Sadly, this is not really the case because in 1723 a map of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, based on the memoires of G\u00e9d\u00e9on Catalogne, was engraved on copper and a copy survives in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. It is reproduced in my previous post on the 1720-45 period.<\/p>\n The Grand Magazine<\/em> map was obviously taken from French sources and as many place names as possible anglicised. It is worth listing the place names to see what has been carried on from before, changed or added for the first time. It is an impressively long list, demonstrating the focussed interests of the conqueror.<\/p>\n Bears Cape \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Cadoecpich \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Casambec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n East Point<\/p>\n Eel Port \u2013 Port a l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Little Harbour<\/p>\n Gotteville Is. \u2013 Robinson\u2019s Island?<\/p>\n Gouvernours I. \u2013 Governors Island<\/p>\n Harbour for Sloops \u2013 Rustico Bay?<\/p>\n I de Tentr\u00e9e \u2013 Fish Island<\/p>\n Kikibougat Harbr. \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n les Trois Rivieres<\/p>\n Magpec Bay \u2013 Malpeque or Richmond Bay<\/p>\n Mouse Harbour – Souris<\/p>\n North Point<\/p>\n Petit Port for Sloops \u2013 South Lake?<\/p>\n Point Prime<\/p>\n Port la Joye<\/p>\n Shimene Port \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n St. Peter\u2019s Car. place \u2013 Portage from Hillsborough R. to St. Peter\u2019s<\/p>\n St. Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n St Peter\u2019s I \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Island<\/p>\n The Governours \u2013 Port la Joye administration\/fort<\/p>\n The Great River \u2013 Hillsborough River<\/p>\n Tranch Mont R. \u2013 North Lake<\/p>\n Trocadie \u2013 Tracadie<\/p>\n Wood I \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In 1764 Samuel Holland was appointed Surveyor General of the Northern District, that is, everything in the new British Empire in America north of the Potomac River. Holland began with Cape Breton Island and Saint John\u2019s Island, and because there was urgency on the part of the Board of Trade to settle these colonies quickly, an effort was made to account for the entire surface, not just the outline, of the land. These cadastral maps, as they were called, divided all the territory into land units in use in Britain, and so there are counties, townships, parishes and county capitals with their Common and Royalty extensions.<\/p>\n General Surveyor Samuel Holland and his team embarked in September 1764 for St. John aboard the armed sloop\u00a0Canceaux<\/em>. Before British forces invaded St. John in 1758 and began deporting its inhabitants, French colonists had established fifteen small villages scattered around the island\u2019s bays and inlets that, at the end, contained over 4000 people. By the time Holland arrived, fewer than three hundred French settlers remained.<\/p>\n Having taken Saint John\u2019s Island from the French, and having deported the bulk of its population, Britain found it necessary to document this new possession with descriptions of the land illustrated with a map. Lockerby and Sobey (p. 19) raise a number of issues about the cartographic activity that followed, about when it was done, and who did it.<\/p>\n From their research it is clear that the Board of Trade and Plantations instructed a number of local governors to send out surveyors to obtain an accurate record of these new lands. On 22 November 1763 Governor Montague Wilmot of Nova Scotia was sent just such a letter but only received it on18 March 1764. He replied in June saying that he had begun the survey and with his letter sent a Description of the Island of Saint John<\/em> that he was able to find.<\/p>\n This description, hastily prepared one gathers, is of significant interest because its circulation ensured that interest in the potential of Saint John’s Island spread to a number of influential people. This would be soon followed by more accurate and informed letters from Samuel Holland, but it is worth experiencing the freshness of perception in this early report written before Holland took over.<\/p>\n In his very extensive research on the history of the forests of Prince Edward Island – a life’s work, really – Dr. Doug Sobey located one such document in the Hardwicke Papers in the British Library and published a selection from it dealing especially with forest resources on the Island. I have taken the liberty of sharing his selection published in Early Descriptions of the Forests of Prince Edward Island \u2013 A Source Book \u2013 Part II, The British and Post Confederation Periods, 1758-c. 1900<\/em>, Part B: The Extracts. <\/em>I find it full of charm, in spite of its superficial observation, and have no difficulty imagining myself in the landscape the anonymous author describes.<\/p>\n Anon. (1762) Remarks relative to the Sketch of the Island of St. John\u2019s in North America<\/em>.\u00a0[Hardwicke Papers, British Library: Add. MSS 35914, 95-99ff. and PEI PARO 4615.]<\/strong><\/p>\n Remarks relative to the Sketch of the bland of St John’s in North America, where I was employ\u2019d by order of the General, to run over that Island, its Harbours, & Interiour parts, that he might be in some measure Inform’d [of the?] Value, and Situation of the Several Towns, with the Quantities of Cultivated Lands, which inviron\u2019d each, that thereby he might be enabled to make an Estimation of the Number of Families each Town Ship was Capable of receiving, for which service I left Fort Amherst, the 6th July 1762 with a Party of 30 Men a light whale Boat and a French Pilot to Conduct me to the several Villages, Harbours &c &c and first of the Village of Port la Joy.<\/p>\n Port la Joy is the principal Harbour on the Island; … here are Branches of Three very fine Rivers, the NE: the N: and what is called the N.W: the Banks of the NE River, is settled very close from its Entrance to its Source about 9 Leag<\/sup>: the Banks of the other two Rivers are not so Closely settled … however the Land is to be Cleared at no very greet expense … on the Banks of the three Rivers are great numbers of Servicible Timber, and Scarce a Village but has a Saw Mill \u2026<\/p>\n [p.95]<\/p>\n \u00a0Hillsborough a Village about 5 Leagues up the N: E: River, as this Village make one of the many on the Banks of this River, I need only Observe that the Lands are\u00a0 very fine and as Cleared for many Miles round with entermixed pieces of Woodland for the Conveniency of the Tenants. ….<\/p>\n Grand Restico is … but a Winter retreat for the Inhabitants of Tracadie and the Adjacent Villages, who retire here for the cover of the Woods, being more Commodiously situated for Firewood, and the Convniency of Hunting, from this, I proceeded 3 Leag<\/sup> father W N W to Petit Restico an habitation of the same nature with the former but no Cultivated Lands although exceedingly good if improved. \u2026<\/p>\n [p. 95v]<\/p>\n From here [i.e. North Cape] the Island Wynds of to the Southward and at 15 Leagues S W: lies Cape Molliack [i.e. West Point], betwixt which are no Harbours or Settlements, the Land here is somewhat higher, of a good Quality and seems by Nature fortified aspirin the bleak N W Winds (to which this Quarter lies exposed) by an impenetrable Rampart of a thick kind of Brush wood which even a man can scarcely penetrate through. \u2026<\/p>\n Augt 7th: I set out a second time to make the Tour of that part of the Island that ly\u2019s to the Eastward of Fort Amherst. … 4 Leags E S E [from Isle Du Bois] ly\u2019s the 3 Rivers the best Harbour in the whole Island, for it receives of 4 or 500 Tons, no Settlemts<\/sup> yet made but very good Land & plenty of fine Ship Timber and very large. 3 Leag\u2019: N E of this ly\u2019s Cap a LOurs only a remarkable Head Land but not Settled, at this place is the best Ship Timber in the Islad<\/sup> 3 Leag\u2019: N E b [by?] N: ly\u2019s bay of Fortune. \u2026 very fine land & remarkably Commodious for a Fishery.<\/p>\n Backwards into the Country, it is almost entirely clear even to the Bay of St. Peters, from a fire which happen\u2019d in the year 1750. From thence I proceed N \u00bd E 3 Leag<\/sup> to Newfrage a small harbour only fit for Shallops and but thinly Settled, the Lands much of the same Quality with the other parts of the blend. To Point East, it is 6 Leags<\/sup> N N E, and is only taken notice of as ye most Easterly point of the Island: The Lands thickly Cover\u2019d with a small species of Birch, From hence we began to proceed to the westward, for St Peters 9 Leagues W \u00bd North, \u2026<\/p>\n [pp.96v 97]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n What surveyor did he send? Logically it would have been Charles Morris who a few years later in 1768 would draw up the plan for the new city of Charlottetown. If that was the case, why are there no maps signed by Morris in the record that we know about?<\/p>\n There is a group of nearly identical maps, some unsigned, that can be found as originals and copies in the British Archives, in Ottawa and in Charlottetown. Which is the one Morris sent to the Board of Trade?<\/p>\n It is fascinating to look at these maps as they all originate from the same template. Two are signed, one on the border and the other in the cartouche.<\/p>\n One of these maps, signed by W. J. Hebert between the frame lines on the lower right is full of exciting and charming detail if you are trying to get a general impression of a place.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 W. J. Hebert del, [no title] Island of St. John, drawn on 4 sheets glued over gauze and card, WC 02bb PARO 0,450.<\/strong><\/p>\n Of all the manuscript maps of Ile Saint Jean that I have come across over the years this one, brightly coloured, and full of excitement, is, aesthetically, my favourite. It is extensively tinted with wash, and the cartographer has gone to great lengths to locate precisely the various communities that could be described at that time. For the first time since the colony of Ile Saint Jean has been established \u2013 and now abolished \u2013 you get a vivid sense of what it was all about. I have not been able to find out anything about this cartographer, and can only infer from his work that he was an individual of exuberance and vision. For the first time since the 1720s a mapmaker does not only indicate a place on a map, he draws a picture of it!<\/p>\n For example, in all the previous maps I have looked at the location of Cascumpec is vaguely hinted at but here it is given a precise location with an outline of its field system. There may even be an indication of the Kildare River.<\/p>\n Malpeque, also never really tied to a specific spot is given a well-articulated treatment. You can see where its church was located close to the shore which makes it not surprising that in the 1950s and \u201860s its cemetery, according to reliable eyewitnesses, was eroding out of the bank. Hebert seems to think that it is surrounded by water on the west side and he may be joining the Trout and Ellis Rivers, based on the information he received, because this same feature appears on all the maps which are based on this matrix. So sketchy is his information, or so careless was Hebert, that Malpeque is called Midaick.<\/p>\n The section through the Island from Port la Joye to Saint Peter\u2019s is full of excitement and somehow, movement, with the agricultural details of reclaimed marshland, roads, portages and even churches all claiming their pride of place! Even unsettled nature seems to vibrate with hidden life.<\/p>\n It is for reasons such as these that I find this map, in the group of three, to be the most valuable of all to a student of topography. Even though Ile Saint Jean\u2019s outline is far from the one that would emerge in Holland’s survey, we are able to get a clear impression of how the Island had been settled and exploited by the French in the past 45 or so years. Because of its rich intimate detail, I tend to see this as the prototype of the other copies which only reproduce outlines of cleared land and add nothing to explain what they mean.<\/p>\n I will insert a pdf of the copy I have of this map which I obtained from the Provincial Archives.<\/p>\n 1764 Hebert Ile Saint Jean, PARO<\/a><\/p>\n Here are the place names that appear on the map:<\/p>\n Bay de Fortune – Fortune<\/p>\n Bay de Grand Ance \u2013 Egmont Bay<\/p>\n Cap Mollack \u2013 might be West Point<\/p>\n Franche River \u2013 Tranchmontaigne \u2013 North Lake<\/p>\n Fort \u2013 Fort Amherst<\/p>\n Govr. Island \u2013 Governors Island<\/p>\n Grande Echurie \u2013 Large Basking Area for Seals on the West cliffs at North Cape. In other maps this is located near Souris on the East coast.<\/p>\n Grand Restico \u2013 Rustico Bay<\/p>\n Harbour of Bedek –<\/p>\n Harb of Cascumpick \u2013 Cascumpec Harbour<\/p>\n Harbr. of Malpaick – Malpeque Harbour<\/p>\n Harbr. of Saint Peter\u2019s \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n Harbr of Tracadie \u2013 Tracadie<\/p>\n Hillsborough – Scotchfort<\/p>\n Isle du Bois \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n La Petite \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n Le Havre \u2013 indicating harbour entrance to Malpeque Bay<\/p>\n Noufrage \u2013 an event, not a place, near Souris?<\/p>\n Petit Echurie \u2013 South Lake Seal haven?<\/p>\n Petit Havre \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Petit Restico \u2013 maybe Covehead Bay<\/p>\n Point de l\u2019Este \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Pointe du Weste \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Port Joy \u2013 Port la Joye<\/p>\n Riviere du Blanc \u2013 Johnston\u2019s River area<\/p>\n Riviere du G? \u2013 MS damaged<\/p>\n Riviere du Sable – DeSable<\/p>\n St. Peters Island<\/p>\n Trois Riviere\u2019s \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Village of Midaick \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point Area<\/p>\n Village of Point Prim \u2013 Point Prim<\/p>\n Village of Saint Peter\u2019s \u2013 St. Peter\u2019s<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The other two maps based on this template are identical in outline and borrow, in a linear fashion, the settlement and agricultural patterns drawn in colour in the Hebert map. Its all there, its all very useful, and its all very dull for lack of adequate labelling. It looks like second-rate civil service work to accompany reports and descriptions of Saint John\u2019s Island.<\/p>\n The second of the signed maps is by Henry Coates. It looks as if he started out with grand design plans but never got beyond the cartouche.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 Hy. Coates, A Sketch of the Island of St. Johns in the Gulf of St. Lawrence<\/em>,\/ Hy. Coates del<\/em>. CO 700\/Prince Edward Island 2, The National Archives, Kew.<\/strong><\/p>\n Henry Coates has begun to draw an elaborate cartouche in the top right corner and then given up, leaving the dark design as something heavy to disturb the balance of the map. Palm trees luxuriate. Judging by the rough, uneven edges, somebody must have cut away the various framing lines that would have helped give substance to the whole. As it is, the Island and mainland just seem to float. It seems incomplete.<\/p>\n Although clear in detail we have only a small-sized reproduction to study. The map has not yet been scanned by the British Archives and there is only this photograph.<\/p>\n These are the communities listed in this map insofar as they can be read from my source. Some equivalent names may have to be corrected in the future.<\/p>\n Bay of Fortune<\/p>\n Bois Id. \u2013 Wood Island<\/p>\n Cape Molliack \u2013 Cape Egmont?<\/p>\n Communication River \u2013 Foxley River<\/p>\n Crapeau Village- Crapaud<\/p>\n East Point<\/p>\n Fort Amherst<\/p>\n Gouvernoure Id. \u2013 Governor\u2019s Island<\/p>\n Great Rustico \u2013 Rustico Bay<\/p>\n Guise River \u2013 Perceval Bay<\/p>\n Hillsborough Village \u2013 Scotchfort?<\/p>\n Indian Path from Three Rivers to Saint Peter\u2019s \u2013 now Routes 4 and 313?<\/p>\n Keseampeke Village \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Little Bay \u2013 Boughton Bay?<\/p>\n Little Harbour \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n N E River \u2013 North East River \u2013 Hillsborough River<\/p>\n Nine Mile House ? \u2013 Nine Mile Creek<\/p>\n North River<\/p>\n North West River<\/p>\n Point Prim Village<\/p>\n Sable Village \u2013 DeSable<\/p>\n St. Petre Id. \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Island<\/p>\n Blanc \u2013 Dunk River<\/p>\n Three Rivers<\/p>\n Tranche River \u2013 North Bay<\/p>\n West Point \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Village of Beduck – Bedeque<\/p>\n Village of Malpec \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n [illegible] near Souris. Shipwreck? With similar symbol above also found on \u201cWilmot\u201d map.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The last in this series of similar maps has a cartouche but is not signed. It is in LAC in Ottawa and has been attributed to Wilmot in some tenuous way as there is record of his having sent a map to London. In that case what is this doing in Ottawa? Obviously, provenance is a problem with these maps. The men who copied them did so faithfully from a single matrix but not from a same list of place names.<\/strong> They all chose a different cartouche except for the coloured version in PARO which has none. Perhaps a cartouche would have diminished its excitement.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 [attributed to Wilmot], A Sketch of the Island of S. Johns in the Gulf of St. Laurence<\/em>, pen and coloured wash on paper, LAC.<\/strong><\/p>\n This has the same outline as the other maps, along with a crookedly placed cartouche. It would be good at this time to construct a comparison table of all the place names in these maps so that we could see at a glance of they were given a master list to work from. Just from the process of transcription it appears that the great majority are the same, but there are a few differences that make one wonder what the nature of the place name list was and where it come from.<\/p>\n Bay of Fortune<\/p>\n Blanc River \u2013 Dunk River<\/p>\n Bois Id. \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n Cape Molliack \u2013 Cape Egmont?<\/p>\n Communication River \u2013 Foxley River?<\/p>\n Crapeau Village \u2013 Crapaud<\/p>\n East Point<\/p>\n Fort Amherst<\/p>\n Gouverneur Id. \u2013 Governors Island<\/p>\n Guise River \u2013 Perceval Bay<\/p>\n Hillsborough Village \u2013 Scotchfort<\/p>\n Indian Path from the Three Rivers to Saint Peters<\/p>\n Kescampeak Village \u2013 Cascumpeque<\/p>\n Little Bay \u2013 Boughton Bay?<\/p>\n Little Harbour \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n N E River \u2013 Hillsborough River<\/p>\n North River<\/p>\n North West River<\/p>\n Point Prim Village<\/p>\n Sable Village \u2013 DeSable<\/p>\n Shipwreck \u2013 an event \u2013 near Souris? With a symbol<\/p>\n St. Peters Village<\/p>\n St. Petre Id. \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Island<\/p>\n Three Rivers<\/p>\n Tracadie Village – Tracadie<\/p>\n Village of Beduck \u2013 Bedeque<\/p>\n Village of Malpec \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n West Point \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n <\/p>\n C. Pettigrew copied a number of original maps in the British archives at the beginning of the Twentieth Century. His most ambitious project was the great Holland map but he also copied smaller maps, such as this one we have been examining.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 \u2013 Anonymous original, copied by C Pettigrew, May 1919, Sketch of the Island of St. Johns in the Gulf of St. Laurence, NB The small dotted Lines, represent the suppos\u2019d Boundaries of Cleared Lands<\/em>, 1764 – 04 pei sketch, c. 1764 LAC NMC 1853 ID 21998.<\/strong><\/p>\n The Pettigrew transcription is obviously that of yet another of these \u201cWilmot\u201d maps we have been examining. It has a cartouche decorated with exotic vegetation\u00a0 of the kind, which, in the mind of European cartographers with vague perceptions of natural history, seem to have the right exotic touch for such a place as the Island of Saint John. After all, just where was it anyway?<\/p>\n I attach this pdf file of this map because it gives you the opportunity to view large scale most of the details found on the other maps and will help in the transcription of place names that are difficult to read.<\/p>\n 1911 Pettigrew copy of 1764 Wilmot map – LAC<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n The European continent was involved violently in the Seven years War and as a result there was much demand for accounts of the progress of the war, the territories that were being gained and lost and the battles that were fought. This need for information was hastily met with illustrated pamphlets, magazines and even a 10 volume set of books!<\/p>\n Georg Christoph Kilian belonged to a family of artists in Augsburg that went back several generations. He was an artist who specialised in pictures of antiquity from places like Pompeii and Herculaneum. In many ways his engravings covered classical ruins subjects such as those that made Piranesi famous. He was not only an artist but also an engraver and printmaker who published his own works. As well, he was a cartographer who was involved in the publication of several atlases, including America Septentrionalis<\/em> of 1760. He was very up to date in subjects of intense interest and presented, in German, his interpretation of what was going on in the late 1750s in Acadia, Ile Royale and Ile Saint Jean.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1761 Kilian, Georg Christoph (1709-1781), Karte von dem Ostlichen-Stucke von Neu Franckreich oder Canada<\/em> in America: besonders aber Acadia und Neu Schottland (Map of the eastern parts of New France or Canada in America: especially Acadia and New Scotland)<\/em>, engraved hand-coloured map, 18 x 32 cm, published in Augsburg by Christian Friedrich von der Heiden. Mount Vernon Collection.<\/strong><\/p>\n Killian\u2019s map of Acadia is quite recognisable as a child of Bellin\u2019s various maps. As much as possible he translated place names and disputed territories into German, as this work was aimed for a German audience.<\/p>\n He does not include the whole quota of French settlement on Ile Saint Jean, but it is interesting to note which were translatable into German.<\/p>\n Aal Hafen (Eel Port) \u2013 Havre a l\u2019Anguille \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Casquembec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n Die 3 Fl\u00fcsse \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Hafen (port) Quiquibougat \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n Hafen S. Pierre \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n Maapec \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point Area<\/p>\n Nord Spitze (north tip) \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Ost Spitze (east tip) \u2013 East Point<\/p>\n Port la Joy<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe was a prominent bookseller and publisher in Nuremberg. All his basic training was in running bookshops, working as an apprentice, and finally in 1739 became manager of the great Gleditsch bookstore in Leipzig. He worked hard at building up a varied inventory, covering more and more areas of interest as time went by.\u00a0 This map was included in the 10 volume work describing the events, battles and locations of the Sever Years War called Schauplatz des gegenwaertigen Kriegs or \u201cOverview of the Current War<\/em>\u201d and was published in Nuremberg between 1757 and 1764. In the series there were 160 maps, 11 of which were of North American interest.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 – Raspe, Gabriel Nikolaus (1712 – 1785), Grund riss der amerikanischen Insuln\/ Cape Breton, St. Jean und Anticosti im Flusse S.Laurencii <\/em>(Layout of the American islands\/ Cape Breton, St. Jean and Anticosti in the Saint Lawrence River), 22,5 x 37 cm, from Schauplatz des gegenwaertigen Kriegs, Vol. 6 (1762), Nuremberg.<\/strong><\/p>\n The map is obviously taken from a British source as all the place names are in English. Anticosti Island is lowered into the frame as an inset.<\/p>\n Bear C. \u2013 Cape Bear<\/p>\n Bedec – Bedeque<\/p>\n Casquembec \u2013 Cascumpec<\/p>\n East Point<\/p>\n H Anguille \u2013 Savage Harbour<\/p>\n Magpec \u2013 Birch Hill\/Low Point area<\/p>\n North Pte. \u2013 North Cape<\/p>\n Port Chimene \u2013 Tracadie Bay<\/p>\n Port Joy<\/p>\n Quiquibougat Harb. \u2013 New London Bay<\/p>\n St. Peters H. \u2013 Saint Peter\u2019s Harbour<\/p>\n Three Riv\u2019rs. \u2013 Three Rivers<\/p>\n Wood I. \u2013 Wood Islands<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nicolas Bellin, the great French mapmaker never stopped producing his elegant maps, usually on an existing matrix, of the progress of the war in New France. In 1764, even after the Treaty of Paris had definitively taken the empire that was New France and given it to the conquering English, Bellin continued to turn out clear, well-drawn maps showing the world almost as if nothing had happened. His only concession to the new state of things was the insertion of new English place names, like Halifax.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 Bellin J-N Le golphe de Saint Laurent et l\u2019Isle de Terre Neuve<\/em>, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb406018390.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ile Saint Jean appears with a few of its major harbours identified in this map of the Gulf.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Again, in 1764, when all was lost, with sublime indifference Bellin republishes his map of Acadia with suggestions of the topographical layout of the land using the usual symbols for hilly country. ALMOST NOTHING HAS CHANGED!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1764 \u2013 Bellin, Jacques Nicolas, (1703-1772,) Carte de l\u2019Acadie et Pays Voisins, from Le Petit atlas maritime: recueil de cartes et plans des quatre parties du monde. Premier volume contenant l’Am\u00e9rique septentrionale et les isles Antilles<\/em>, Vol. 1, no. 26. Collection BAnQ Qu\u00e9bec.<\/strong><\/p>\n Everything is presented, except for Halifax, the way it was before the War of the Forts in 1755. Talk about French sang-froid<\/em>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Captain John Montresor (1736-1799) was a British military engineer who had a varied and coloured career in the events of the Seven years War. He was present at the siege of Louisbourg and spent time afterwards hunting down Acadians in Cape Breton for eventual deportation. He was ambitious and socially aggressive and lived in a very grand style. In the end he lost it all and ended up in debtor\u2019s prison.\u00a0 John Singleton Copley, one of the greatest American portraitists of the day, \u00a0painted this likeness in 1771. It is now in the Detroit Institute of Arts.<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/montresor_john_4E.html<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1744-Bellin-whole-small-1-300x218.jpg\")
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<\/p>\nThe English enter the Mapmaking Scene<\/h3>\n
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<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1746-Bellin-Jacques-Nicolas-and-Jefferys-det--300x206.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1746-Island-of-Saint-John-OF-TOL-20005829-BN-small-b-1-300x192.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1749-Vaugondy-Acadie-BNF-300x243.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1749-Vaugondy-OF-TOL-20020733-1-300x192.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/h4>\n
The Map as a Threat: The Establishment of Halifax<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1750-Jefferys-Halifax-coloured-Brown-University-Library-1-300x231.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1750-Jefferys-Halifax-OF-TOL-20020938-det-1-300x244.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1750-Jefferys-Halifax-OF-TOL-20020938-d1-300x203.jpg\")
<\/p>\nRebuilding Acadia<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1751-Franquet-3-300x206.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1751-Franquet-2-300x225.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1752-Franquet-LAC-det-1-300x248.jpg\")
<\/p>\nAcadia \u2013 The Final Threat<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Bellin-Jacques-Nicolas-Partie-orientale-de-la-Nouvelle-France-ou-du-Canada-BPL-cartouche-1-300x275.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Bellin-Jacques-Nicolas-Partie-orientale-de-la-Nouvelle-France-ou-du-Canada-BPL-small-1-300x239.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Bellin-Jacques-Nicolas-Partie-orientale-de-la-Nouvelle-France-ou-du-Canada-BPL-det-1-300x215.jpg\")
<\/p>\n\n
<\/h4>\n
Tensions Intensify<\/h3>\n
Fort Beausejour \u2013 June 15, 1755, 9 AM \u2013 The Death of Acadia<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Scan11455-big-labelled-1-300x192.jpg\")
<\/p>\nWar of the Maps<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Thomas-Jeffery-A-New-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-...-LC-cartouche-1-240x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Thomas-Jeffery-A-New-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-...-LC-small-1-300x233.jpg\")
<\/em><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Thomas-Jeffery-A-New-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-...-LC-det-1-300x188.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-LeRouge-Jefferys-LC--300x245.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1755-Jeffery-and-LeRouge-0003-1-300x193.jpg\")
<\/p>\nPropaganda Maps<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/small-1-300x165.jpg\")
<\/p>\nA Strange-Looking Map;<\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1756\u20131762-Lotter-Tobias-Conrad-Partie-orientale-de-la-Nouvelle-France-ou-du-Canada-LC-0001-1-257x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1756\u20131762-Lotter-Tobias-Conrad-Partie-orientale-de-la-Nouvelle-France-ou-du-Canada-Boston-Athenaeum-3-300x193.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1756\u20131762-Lotter-Tobias-Conrad-Partie-orientale-de-la-Nouvelle-France-ou-du-Canada-LC-0002-1-257x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1756-Bellin-1744-Karte-von-Accadia-1-300x213.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1756-Bellin-1744-Karte-von-Accadia-3-300x169.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1757-Map-of-Acadie-1-300x206.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1757-Jacques-Nicolas-Bellin-Carte_de_l_Accadie_et_Pais_Voisins_1757-det-1-300x192.jpg\")
<\/p>\nThe Defeat of Louisbourg and Ile Saint Jean<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758-1-300x206.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/7711_portlajoye_amherst_2-1-300x201.jpg\")
The British Conquerors begin to describe their new possessions.<\/strong><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1758-W-Long-from-Ferro-1-300x178.jpg\")
<\/p>\nBritain begins to survey Saint John\u2019s Island<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-Plan-of-Ile-Saint-Jean-SIG-300x202.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764x-Hebert-WC-02bb-PARO-0450-Island-of-St.-John-trimmed-1-300x182.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-Plan-of-Ile-Saint-Jean-det-of-Casp-201x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-Plan-of-Ile-Saint-Jean-DET-Malpec-300x271.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764x-Hebert-WC-02bb-PARO-0450-Island-of-St.-Johndet-centre-300x292.jpg\")
<\/p>\nThe Two Other Maps in this Series<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-Coates-cartouche-1-300x196.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764x-H.-Coates-A-Sketch-of-the-Island-of-St-Johns-in-the-Gulf-of-St-Lawrence-The-National-Archives-Kew-1-300x193.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-x-map-Wilmot-03-LAC-small-1-300x196.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-04-pei_sketch-c.-1764-LAC-NMC-1853-ID-21998-small-1-300x196.jpg\")
<\/p>\nContinental Interest in the Fall of New France<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1761-Kilian-Georg-Christoph-Karte-von-dem-Ostlichen-Stucke-von-Neu-Franckreich-oder-Canada-Mt-Vernon-small-1-300x169.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1761-Kilian-Georg-Christoph-1709-1781Karte-von-dem-Ostlichen-Stucke-von-Neu-Franckreich-oder-Canada-in-America-det-1-300x202.jpg\")
<\/p>\nAnother German Map of Ile Saint Jean<\/strong><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1758-c-Raspe-1-1-300x187.jpg\")
<\/p>\nBellin Never Stops\u2026<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-Bellin-J-N-Le_golphe_de_Saint_Laurent-BNF-1-300x204.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-Bellin-J-N-Le_golphe_de_Saint_Laurent-BNF-det-1-300x147.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1764-\u2013-Bellin-Carte-de-l\u201dAcadie-BAnQ-1-300x202.jpg\")
<\/p>\nThe Montresor Episode<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/John-Singleton-Copley-John-Montresor-1771-Detroit-Institute-of-Arts-243x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montre\u0301sor-John-and-Dury-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-or-Acadia-Mount-Vernon-small-1-300x244.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montre\u0301sor-John-and-Dury-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-or-Acadia-Mount-Vernon-cartouche-1-300x220.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montre\u0301sor-John-and-Dury-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-or-Acadia-Mount-Vernon-title-1-246x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montresor-Dury-Maritimes-small-1-300x220.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montre\u0301sor-John-and-Dury-Map-of-Nova-Scotia-or-Acadia-Mount-Vernon-big-detail-SMALL-300x233.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montresor-NMC-reduced-copy-1-300x216.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1768-Montresor-1768-NMC-det-1-300x230.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Holland-portrait-1-295x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/regporter.com\/pei\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/2015-July-5-019-1-300x200.jpg\")
<\/p>\n